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arXiv 2102.01215cond-mat.dis-nncond-mat.stat-mechhep-th
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无序弹性流形、脱钉、雪崩和沙堆的理论与实验

Theory and Experiments for Disordered Elastic Manifolds, Depinning, Avalanches, and Sandpiles

Kay Joerg Wiese

摘要:

磁体中的畴壁、超导体中的涡旋晶格、脱钉时的接触线以及许多其他系统都可以被模拟为受淬火无序影响的弹性系统。它的场论在其上临界维数附近有一个控制良好的微扰展开。与标准场论相反,重整化群流涉及一个函数,即无序相关子$Δ(w)$,因此被称为泛函重整化群(FRG)。$Δ(w)$是一个物理可观测量,即弹性流形质心的自关联函数。在这篇评论中,我们给出了一个教学介绍,其现象学和技术。这使我们能够处理平衡(静态)和脱钉(动态)。在这些技术的基础上,雪崩的可观测性是可访问的:大小,持续时间和速度的分布,以及空间和时间的形状。无序弹性流形和沙堆模型之间存在各种等价关系:在一点驱动的弹性弦和奥斯陆模型;无序弹性流形和曼纳沙堆;电荷密度波和阿贝尔沙堆或环擦除随机行走。这些映射需要特定的技术,我们开发,包括离散随机系统通过粗粒度的随机运动方程,超对称技术,和元胞自动机建模。强于二次最近邻相互作用导致定向渗流,和非线性表面生长与额外的KPZ条款。另一方面,没有无序的KPZ可以映射回无序的弹性流形,无论是在定向聚合物的稳定状态,或一个单一的粒子的衰减。其他议题包括功能RG和复本对称性破缺,和随机场磁铁之间的关系。重点是数值和实验测试的理论。

英文摘要:

Domain walls in magnets, vortex lattices in superconductors, contact lines at depinning, and many other systems can be modelled as an elastic system subject to quenched disorder. Its field theory possesses a well-controlled perturbative expansion around its upper critical dimension. Contrary to standard field theory, the renormalization group flow involves a function, the disorder correlator $Δ(w)$, therefore termed the functional renormalization group (FRG). $Δ(w)$ is a physical observable, the auto-correlation function of the centre of mass of the elastic manifold. In this review, we give a pedagogical introduction into its phenomenology and techniques. This allows us to treat both equilibrium (statics), and depinning (dynamics). Building on these techniques, avalanche observables are accessible: distributions of size, duration, and velocity, as well as the spatial and temporal shape. Various equivalences between disordered elastic manifolds, and sandpile models exist: an elastic string driven at a point and the Oslo model; disordered elastic manifolds and Manna sandpiles; charge density waves and Abelian sandpiles or loop-erased random walks. Each of these mappings requires specific techniques, which we develop, including modelling of discrete stochastic systems via coarse-grained stochastic equations of motion, super-symmetry techniques, and cellular automata. Stronger than quadratic nearest-neighbour interactions lead to directed percolation, and non-linear surface growth with additional KPZ terms. On the other hand, KPZ without disorder can be mapped back to disordered elastic manifolds, either on the directed polymer for its steady state, or a single particle for its decay. Other topics covered are the relation between functional RG and replica symmetry breaking, and random field magnets. Emphasis is given to numerical and experimental tests of the theory.

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