由湍流压力引起的红超巨星风的分析的与尘埃无关的质量损失率
Analytic, dust-independent mass-loss rates for red supergiant winds initiated by turbulent pressure
摘要：
上下文红超巨星被观测到经历剧烈的质量损失。然而，到目前为止，还没有理论模型成功地解释了这些物体的风的起源。这极大地限制了我们对红超巨星演化和II-P型和II-L型超新星祖先性质的理解。目标。我们研究了剧烈的大气湍流可能在启动和确定红超巨星的质量损失率中发挥的作用。方法.我们分析和数值求解方程的质量和动量守恒，我们后来耦合到一个大气温度结构，以获得理论上动机的质量损失率。然后，我们比较这些国家的最先进的经验质量损失率标度公式，以及观测推断的红超巨星的质量损失率。结果我们发现，由于红超巨星的特征湍流速度推断的压力是足够的，以解释这些对象的质量损失率在没有通常采用的不透明度从星周尘埃。受这一初步成功的激励，我们提供了第一个理论和全面分析的红超巨星质量损失率处方。最后，我们强调了一些有趣的可能的影响，这些利率为未来的研究恒星演化，特别是在缺乏直接依赖于金属丰度。
英文摘要：
Context. Red supergiants are observed to undergo vigorous mass-loss. However, to date, no theoretical model has succeeded in explaining the origins of these objects' winds. This strongly limits our understanding of red supergiant evolution and Type II-P and II-L supernova progenitor properties. Aims. We examine the role that vigorous atmospheric turbulence may play in initiating and determining the mass-loss rates of red supergiant stars. Methods. We analytically and numerically solve the equations of conservation of mass and momentum, which we later couple to an atmospheric temperature structure, to obtain theoretically motivated mass-loss rates. We then compare these to state-of-the-art empirical mass-loss rate scaling formulae as well as observationally inferred mass-loss rates of red supergiants. Results. We find that the pressure due to the characteristic turbulent velocities inferred for red supergiants is sufficient to explain the mass-loss rates of these objects in the absence of the normally employed opacity from circumstellar dust. Motivated by this initial success, we provide a first theoretical and fully analytic mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants. We conclude by highlighting some intriguing possible implications of these rates for future studies of stellar evolution, especially in light of the lack of a direct dependence on metallicity.
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