Masses and compositions of three small planets orbiting the nearby M dwarf L231-32 (TOI-270) and the M dwarf radius valley
Vincent Van Eylen, N. Astudillo-Defru, X. Bonfils, J. Livingston, T. Hirano, R. Luque, K. W. F. Lam, A. B. Justesen, J. N. Winn, D. Gandolfi, G. Nowak, E. Palle… 展开作者
Vincent Van Eylen, N. Astudillo-Defru, X. Bonfils, J. Livingston, T. Hirano, R. Luque, K. W. F. Lam, A. B. Justesen, J. N. Winn, D. Gandolfi, G. Nowak, E. Palle, S. Albrecht, F. Dai, B. Campos Estrada, J. E. Owen, D. Foreman-Mackey, M. Fridlund, J. Korth, S. Mathur, T. Forveille, T. Mikal-Evans, H. L. M. Osborne, C. S. K. Ho, J. M. Almenara, E. Artigau, O. Barragán, S. C. C. Barros, F. Bouchy, J. Cabrera, D. A. Caldwell, D. Charbonneau, P. Chaturvedi, W. D. Cochran, S. Csizmadia, M. Damasso, X. Delfosse, J. R. De Medeiros, R. F. Díaz, R. Doyon, M. Esposito, G. Fűrész, P. Figueira, I. Georgieva, E. Goffo, S. Grziwa, E. Guenther, A. P. Hatzes, J. M. Jenkins, P. Kabath, E. Knudstrup, D. W. Latham, B. Lavie, C. Lovis, R. E. Mennickent, S. E. Mullally, F. Murgas, N. Narita, F. A. Pepe, C. M. Persson, S. Redfield, G. R. Ricker, N. C. Santos, S. Seager, L. M. Serrano, A. M. S. Smith, A. Suárez Mascareño, J. Subjak, J. D. Twicken, S. Udry, R. Vanderspek, M. R. Zapatero Osorio
我们报告了L231-32(TOI-270)的精确多普勒测量结果,这是一颗附近的M矮星($d=22$ pc,$M_\star = 0.39$ M $_\odot$,$R_\star = 0.38$ R $_\odot$),它拥有三颗凌日行星,这些行星是最近使用凌日系外行星调查卫星(TESS)的数据发现的。这三颗行星的大小分别是地球的1.2、2.4和2.1倍,轨道周期分别为3.4、5.7和11.4天。我们获得了29个高分辨率的光谱与新委托Echelle光谱仪洛基系外行星和稳定的光谱观测(ESTERO)和58光谱使用高精度径向速度行星搜索器(HARPS)。根据这些观测结果,我们发现行星的质量分别为$1.58 \pm 0.26$、$6.15 \pm 0.37$和$4.78 \pm 0.43$ M $_\oplus$。半径和质量测量的结合表明,最里面的行星具有类似于地球的岩石成分,而外部两颗行星的密度较低。因此,内行星和外行星位于“半径谷”的相对两侧-这是半径周期图中成员相对较少的区域,被解释为大气光蒸发的结果。我们把这些发现的背景下,其他小的近距离行星绕M矮星,并使用支持向量机来确定的位置和斜率的M矮星($T_\mathrm{eff} < 4000$ K)半径谷作为轨道周期的函数。我们比较了M矮半径谷的位置FGK恒星观察到的半径谷,并发现它的位置是一个很好的匹配光蒸发和核心供电的质量损失模型。最后,我们发现,M矮半径谷以下的行星的组成与剥离岩石核心一致,而大多数行星以上有一个较低的密度与存在的氢氦大气一致。
英文摘要:
We report on precise Doppler measurements of L231-32 (TOI-270), a nearby M dwarf ($d=22$ pc, $M_\star = 0.39$ M$_\odot$, $R_\star = 0.38$ R$_\odot$), which hosts three transiting planets that were recently discovered using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The three planets are 1.2, 2.4, and 2.1 times the size of Earth and have orbital periods of 3.4, 5.7, and 11.4 days. We obtained 29 high-resolution optical spectra with the newly commissioned Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) and 58 spectra using the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS). From these observations, we find the masses of the planets to be $1.58 \pm 0.26$, $6.15 \pm 0.37$, and $4.78 \pm 0.43$ M$_\oplus$, respectively. The combination of radius and mass measurements suggests that the innermost planet has a rocky composition similar to that of Earth, while the outer two planets have lower densities. Thus, the inner planet and the outer planets are on opposite sides of the `radius valley' -- a region in the radius-period diagram with relatively few members, which has been interpreted as a consequence of atmospheric photo-evaporation. We place these findings into the context of other small close-in planets orbiting M dwarf stars, and use support vector machines to determine the location and slope of the M dwarf ($T_\mathrm{eff} < 4000$ K) radius valley as a function of orbital period. We compare the location of the M dwarf radius valley to the radius valley observed for FGK stars, and find that its location is a good match to photo-evaporation and core-powered mass loss models. Finally, we show that planets below the M dwarf radius valley have compositions consistent with stripped rocky cores, whereas most planets above have a lower density consistent with the presence of a H-He atmosphere.
A transiting hot Jupiter with two outer siblings orbiting an intermediate-mass post main-sequence star
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez(阿道夫·伊巴涅斯大学工程与科学学院);Millennium Institute for Astrophysics, Chile(智利天体物理学千年研究所);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universtät Heidelberg(海德堡大学天文学中心州立天文台);Department of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”(索非亚大学“圣克利门特·奥赫里德斯基”物理学院天文学系);Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教大学天体物理研究所)
TOI-1259Ab: A Warm Jupiter Orbiting a K-dwarf White-Dwarf Binary is on a Well-aligned Orbit
University of Amsterdam(阿姆斯特丹大学);Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile(智利天主教 Pontificia 大学);Millennium Institute for Astrophysics(天体物理学千年研究所);Vanderbilt University(范德堡大学);Tufts University(塔夫茨大学);The Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);Princeton University(普林斯顿大学);University of Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚大学)
Discovery and characterisation of two exoplanets orbiting the metal-poor, solar-type star TOI-5788 with TESS, CHEOPS, and HARPS-N
University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学);University of Exeter(埃克塞特大学);Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden(莱顿天文台,莱顿大学);Slovak Academy of Sciences(斯洛伐克科学院);ELTE Gothard Astrophysical Observatory(厄特沃什·罗兰大学戈塔德天体物理观测站);University of Bern(伯尔尼大学);European Space Agency (ESA)(欧洲空间局)
GEMS JWST: A sub-Solar metallicity atmosphere for giant planet TOI-5293Ab orbiting a rapidly changing M-dwarf
Carnegie Science(卡内基科学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);Johns Hopkins APL(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);University of Maryland, College Park(马里兰大学帕克分校);University of Zürich(苏黎世大学)
The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density
INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台);Università di Roma Tor Vergata(罗马托尔维加塔大学);Sapienza Università di Roma(罗马智慧大学);Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Sofia University "St Kliment Ohridski"(索非亚大学);Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universtät Heidelberg(海德堡大学州立天文台天文学中心);INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino(意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台);ESO - European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo(意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台)
Validation of a Third Earth-sized Planet in the TOI-2267 Binary System
Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学研究所);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);Yale University(耶鲁大学);University of California, Los Angeles(加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校);Jet Propulsion Laboratory(喷气推进实验室);University of Hawai'i(夏威夷大学);Washington University(华盛顿大学);Noqsi Aerospace Ltd.(诺克西航空航天有限公司);Space Telescope Science Institute(太空望远镜科学研究所);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);NASA Ames Research Center(美国国家航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心)
Searching for GEMS: TOI-5916 b & TOI-6158 b are two Saturn-density planets orbiting M2 dwarfs
University of California, Irvine(加州大学尔湾分校);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学研究所);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);U.S. National Science Foundation, National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory(美国国家科学基金会,国家光学-红外天文研究实验室);University of Wyoming(怀俄明大学);Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Observatories(拉斯坎帕纳斯天文台,卡内基观测站)
Searching for GEMS: Three warm Saturns and a super-Jupiter orbiting four early M-dwarfs
University of California, Irvine(加州大学尔湾分校);Carnegie Institution for Science(卡内基科学机构);Southeastern Universities Research Association(东南大学研究协会);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心)
The GAPS programme at TNG LXXI. A sub-Neptune suitable for atmospheric characterization in a multiplanet and mutually inclined system orbiting the bright K dwarf TOI-5789 (HIP 99452)
INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino(意大利国家天体物理研究所都灵天文台);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo(意大利国家天体物理研究所巴勒莫天文台);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)(加那利天体物理学研究所);Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)(拉帕马大学天体物理学系);INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma(意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台);Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences(奥地利科学院空间研究所)