Single image crowd counting is a challenging computer vision problem with wide applications in public safety, city planning, traffic management, etc. With the recent development of deep learning techniques, crowd counting has aroused much attention and achieved great success in recent years. This survey is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent advances on deep learning-based crowd counting techniques via density map estimation by systematically reviewing and summarizing more than 200 works in the area since 2015. Our goals are to provide an up-to-date review of recent approaches, and educate new researchers in this field the design principles and trade-offs. After presenting publicly available datasets and evaluation metrics, we review the recent advances with detailed comparisons on three major design modules for crowd counting: deep neural network designs, loss functions, and supervisory signals. We study and compare the approaches using the public datasets and evaluation metrics. We conclude the survey with some future directions.
Aimetis Corp.（艾梅蒂斯公司）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）
The problem of automated crowd segmentation and counting has garnered significant interest in the field of video surveillance. This paper proposes a novel scene invariant crowd segmentation and counting algorithm designed with high accuracy yet low computational complexity in mind, which is key for widespread industrial adoption. A novel low-complexity, scale-normalized feature called Histogram of Moving Gradients (HoMG) is introduced for highly effective spatiotemporal representation of individuals and crowds within a video. Real-time crowd segmentation is achieved via boosted cascade of weak…
Baidu Research（百度研究院）；German Aerospace Center（德国航空航天中心）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）
Visual crowd counting has been recently studied as a way to enable people counting in crowd scenes from images. Albeit successful, vision-based crowd counting approaches could fail to capture informative features in extreme conditions, e.g., imaging at night and occlusion. In this work, we introduce a novel task of audiovisual crowd counting, in which visual and auditory information are integrated for counting purposes. We collect a large-scale benchmark, named auDiovISual Crowd cOunting (DISCO) dataset, consisting of 1,935 images and the corresponding audio clips, and 170,270 annotated instan…
Insight Centre for Data Analytics（数据洞察中心）；Dublin City University（都柏林城市大学）
In this paper we propose ResnetCrowd, a deep residual architecture for simultaneous crowd counting, violent behaviour detection and crowd density level classification. To train and evaluate the proposed multi-objective technique, a new 100 image dataset referred to as Multi Task Crowd is constructed. This new dataset is the first computer vision dataset fully annotated for crowd counting, violent behaviour detection and density level classification. Our experiments show that a multi-task approach boosts individual task performance for all tasks and most notably for violent behaviour detection …
The mainstream crowd counting methods regress density map and integrate it to obtain counting results. Since the density representation to one head accords to its adjacent distribution, it embeds the same category objects with variant values, while human beings counting models the invariant features namely similarity to objects. Inspired by this, we propose a rational and anthropoid crowd counting framework. To begin with, we leverage counting scalar as supervision signal, which provides global and implicit guidance to similar matters. Then, the large kernel CNN is utilized to imitate the para…
Fine-grained Domain Adaptive Crowd Counting via Point-derived Segmentation
South China University of Technology（华南理工大学）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Singapore Management University（新加坡管理大学）
University of Manitoba（曼尼托巴大学）；Simon Fraser University（西蒙菲莎大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Huawei Technologies Canada（华为加拿大公司）
We address the problem of image-based crowd counting. In particular, we propose a new problem called unlabeled scene-adaptive crowd counting. Given a new target scene, we would like to have a crowd counting model specifically adapted to this particular scene based on the target data that capture some information about the new scene. In this paper, we propose to use one or more unlabeled images from the target scene to perform the adaptation. In comparison with the existing problem setups (e.g. fully supervised), our proposed problem setup is closer to the real-world applications of crowd count…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）
Crowd counting is a challenging task due to the issues such as scale variation and perspective variation in real crowd scenes. In this paper, we propose a novel Cascaded Residual Density Network (CRDNet) in a coarse-to-fine approach to generate the high-quality density map for crowd counting more accurately. (1) We estimate the residual density maps by multi-scale pyramidal features through cascaded residual density modules. It can improve the quality of density map layer by layer effectively. (2) A novel additional local count loss is presented to refine the accuracy of crowd counting, which …
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；CSIRO Data61（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织数据61所）
Crowd counting, for estimating the number of people in a crowd using vision-based computer techniques, has attracted much interest in the research community. Although many attempts have been reported, real-world problems, such as huge variation in subjects' sizes in images and serious occlusion among people, make it still a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Counting Convolutional Neural Network (A-CCNN) and consider the scale variation of objects in a frame adaptively so as to improve the accuracy of counting. Our method takes advantages of contextual information to pr…
Peking University（北京大学）；China University of Petroleum (Beijing)（中国石油大学（北京））
In this article, we propose a simulated crowd counting dataset CrowdX, which has a large scale, accurate labeling, parameterized realization, and high fidelity. The experimental results of using this dataset as data enhancement show that the performance of the proposed streamlined and efficient benchmark network ESA-Net can be improved by 8.4\%. The other two classic heterogeneous architectures MCNN and CSRNet pre-trained on CrowdX also show significant performance improvements. Considering many influencing factors determine performance, such as background, camera angle, human density, and res…
Traditional crowd counting approaches usually use Gaussian assumption to generate pseudo density ground truth, which suffers from problems like inaccurate estimation of the Gaussian kernel sizes. In this paper, we propose a new measure-based counting approach to regress the predicted density maps to the scattered point-annotated ground truth directly. First, crowd counting is formulated as a measure matching problem. Second, we derive a semi-balanced form of Sinkhorn divergence, based on which a Sinkhorn counting loss is designed for measure matching. Third, we propose a self-supervised mechan…
East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Jiangxi Normal University（江西师范大学）
Crowd counting is an important task that shown great application value in public safety-related fields, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. In the current research, the accuracy of counting numbers and crowd density estimation are the main concerns. Although the emergence of deep learning has greatly promoted the development of this field, crowd counting under cluttered background is still a serious challenge. In order to solve this problem, we propose a ScaleAware Crowd Counting Network (SACCN) with regional and semantic attentions. The proposed SACCN distinguishes crowd…
Due to its variety of applications in the real-world, the task of single image-based crowd counting has received a lot of interest in the recent years. Recently, several approaches have been proposed to address various problems encountered in crowd counting. These approaches are essentially based on convolutional neural networks that require large amounts of data to train the network parameters. Considering this, we introduce a new large scale unconstrained crowd counting dataset (JHU-CROWD++) that contains "4,372" images with "1.51 million" annotations. In comparison to existing datasets, the…
In recent years, with the progress of deep learning technologies, crowd counting has been rapidly developed. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective crowd counting framework that is able to achieve the state-of-the-art performance on various crowded scenes. In particular, we first introduce a perspective-aware density map generation method that is able to produce ground-truth density maps from point annotations to train crowd counting model to accomplish superior performance than prior density map generation techniques. Besides, leveraging our density map generation method, we propose …
Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院上海高等研究院）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；East China Normal University（华东师范大学）
Crowd counting is one of the core tasks in various surveillance applications. A practical system involves estimating accurate head counts in dynamic scenarios under different lightning, camera perspective and occlusion states. Previous approaches estimate head counts despite that they can vary dramatically in different density settings; the crowd is often unevenly distributed and the results are therefore unsatisfactory. In this paper, we propose a lightweight deep learning framework that can automatically estimate the crowd density level and adaptively choose between different counter network…
In the last decade, crowd counting and localization attract much attention of researchers due to its wide-spread applications, including crowd monitoring, public safety, space design, etc. Many Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are designed for tackling this task. However, currently released datasets are so small-scale that they can not meet the needs of the supervised CNN-based algorithms. To remedy this problem, we construct a large-scale congested crowd counting and localization dataset, NWPU-Crowd, consisting of 5,109 images, in a total of 2,133,375 annotated heads with points and boxes.…
RGB-Thermal (RGB-T) crowd counting is a challenging task, which uses thermal images as complementary information to RGB images to deal with the decreased performance of unimodal RGB-based methods in scenes with low-illumination or similar backgrounds. Most existing methods propose well-designed structures for cross-modal fusion in RGB-T crowd counting. However, these methods have difficulty in encoding cross-modal contextual semantic information in RGB-T image pairs. Considering the aforementioned problem, we propose a two-stream RGB-T crowd counting network called Multi-Attention Fusion Netwo…
Zhengzhou University（郑州大学）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）
It is important to monitor and analyze crowd events for the sake of city safety. In an EDOF (extended depth of field) image with a crowded scene, the distribution of people is highly imbalanced. People far away from the camera look much smaller and often occlude each other heavily, while people close to the camera look larger. In such a case, it is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people by using one technique. In this paper, we propose a Depth Information Guided Crowd Counting (DigCrowd) method to deal with crowded EDOF scenes. DigCrowd first uses the depth information of an ima…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
The mainstream crowd counting methods usually utilize the convolution neural network (CNN) to regress a density map, requiring point-level annotations. However, annotating each person with a point is an expensive and laborious process. During the testing phase, the point-level annotations are not considered to evaluate the counting accuracy, which means the point-level annotations are redundant. Hence, it is desirable to develop weakly-supervised counting methods that just rely on count-level annotations, a more economical way of labeling. Current weakly-supervised counting methods adopt the C…
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
We study video crowd counting, which is to estimate the number of objects (people in this paper) in all the frames of a video sequence. Previous work on crowd counting is mostly on still images. There has been little work on how to properly extract and take advantage of the spatial-temporal correlation between neighboring frames in both short and long ranges to achieve high estimation accuracy for a video sequence. In this work, we propose Monet, a novel and highly accurate motion-guided non-local spatial-temporal network for video crowd counting. Monet first takes people flow (motion informat…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；NVIDIA Inc.（英伟达公司）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）
With multiple crowd gatherings of millions of people every year in events ranging from pilgrimages to protests, concerts to marathons, and festivals to funerals; visual crowd analysis is emerging as a new frontier in computer vision. In particular, counting in highly dense crowds is a challenging problem with far-reaching applicability in crowd safety and management, as well as gauging political significance of protests and demonstrations. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that simultaneously solves the problems of counting, density map estimation and localization of people in a given…
In this work, we propose a novel crowd counting network that progressively generates crowd density maps via residual error estimation. The proposed method uses VGG16 as the backbone network and employs density map generated by the final layer as a coarse prediction to refine and generate finer density maps in a progressive fashion using residual learning. Additionally, the residual learning is guided by an uncertainty-based confidence weighting mechanism that permits the flow of only high-confidence residuals in the refinement path. The proposed Confidence Guided Deep Residual Counting Network…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）；Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）
This paper focuses on the challenging crowd counting task. As large-scale variations often exist within crowd images, neither fixed-size convolution kernel of CNN nor fixed-size attention of recent vision transformers can well handle this kind of variation. To address this problem, we propose a Multifaceted Attention Network (MAN) to improve transformer models in local spatial relation encoding. MAN incorporates global attention from a vanilla transformer, learnable local attention, and instance attention into a counting model. Firstly, the local Learnable Region Attention (LRA) is proposed to…
Recently, counting the number of people for crowd scenes is a hot topic because of its widespread applications (e.g. video surveillance, public security). It is a difficult task in the wild: changeable environment, large-range number of people cause the current methods can not work well. In addition, due to the scarce data, many methods suffer from over-fitting to a different extent. To remedy the above two problems, firstly, we develop a data collector and labeler, which can generate the synthetic crowd scenes and simultaneously annotate them without any manpower. Based on it, we build a larg…
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing（上海市多维信息处理重点实验室）；East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Videt Tech Ltd.（维谛科技有限公司）
Automatic analysis of highly crowded people has attracted extensive attention from computer vision research. Previous approaches for crowd counting have already achieved promising performance across various benchmarks. However, to deal with the real situation, we hope the model run as fast as possible while keeping accuracy. In this paper, we propose a compact convolutional neural network for crowd counting which learns a more efficient model with a small number of parameters. With three parallel filters executing the convolutional operation on the input image simultaneously at the front of th…
Self-training crowd counting has not been attentively explored though it is one of the important challenges in computer vision. In practice, the fully supervised methods usually require an intensive resource of manual annotation. In order to address this challenge, this work introduces a new approach to utilize existing datasets with ground truth to produce more robust predictions on unlabeled datasets, named domain adaptation, in crowd counting. While the network is trained with labeled data, samples without labels from the target domain are also added to the training process. In this process…
In real-world crowd counting applications, the crowd densities in an image vary greatly. When facing density variation, humans tend to locate and count the targets in low-density regions, and reason the number in high-density regions. We observe that CNN focus on the local information correlation using a fixed-size convolution kernel and the Transformer could effectively extract the semantic crowd information by using the global self-attention mechanism. Thus, CNN could locate and estimate crowds accurately in low-density regions, while it is hard to properly perceive the densities in high-den…
With the development of deep neural networks, the performance of crowd counting and pixel-wise density estimation are continually being refreshed. Despite this, there are still two challenging problems in this field: 1) current supervised learning needs a large amount of training data, but collecting and annotating them is difficult; 2) existing methods can not generalize well to the unseen domain. A recently released synthetic crowd dataset alleviates these two problems. However, the domain gap between the real-world data and synthetic images decreases the models' performance. To reduce the g…
Recently, crowd counting using supervised learning achieves a remarkable improvement. Nevertheless, most counters rely on a large amount of manually labeled data. With the release of synthetic crowd data, a potential alternative is transferring knowledge from them to real data without any manual label. However, there is no method to effectively suppress domain gaps and output elaborate density maps during the transferring. To remedy the above problems, this paper proposes a Domain-Adaptive Crowd Counting (DACC) framework, which consists of a high-quality image translation and density map recon…
Sichuan University（四川大学）；National Institute of Informatics（国立情报学研究所）；King’s College London（伦敦国王学院）
Unsupervised crowd counting is a challenging yet not largely explored task. In this paper, we explore it in a transfer learning setting where we learn to detect and count persons in an unlabeled target set by transferring bi-knowledge learnt from regression- and detection-based models in a labeled source set. The dual source knowledge of the two models is heterogeneous and complementary as they capture different modalities of the crowd distribution. We formulate the mutual transformations between the outputs of regression- and detection-based models as two scene-agnostic transformers which ena…
Federal University of Paraná（巴拉那联邦大学）；Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná（巴拉那天主教大学）；École de Technologie Supérieure（高等技术学院）
This paper presents two novel approaches for people counting in crowded and open environments that combine the information gathered by multiple views. Multiple camera are used to expand the field of view as well as to mitigate the problem of occlusion that commonly affects the performance of counting methods using single cameras. The first approach is regarded as a direct approach and it attempts to segment and count each individual in the crowd. For such an aim, two head detectors trained with head images are employed: one based on support vector machines and another based on Adaboost percept…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Baidu Inc.（百度公司）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
In this paper, we propose a novel perspective-guided convolution (PGC) for convolutional neural network (CNN) based crowd counting (i.e. PGCNet), which aims to overcome the dramatic intra-scene scale variations of people due to the perspective effect. While most state-of-the-arts adopt multi-scale or multi-column architectures to address such issue, they generally fail in modeling continuous scale variations since only discrete representative scales are considered. PGCNet, on the other hand, utilizes perspective information to guide the spatially variant smoothing of feature maps before feedin…
Estimating crowd count in densely crowded scenes is an extremely challenging task due to non-uniform scale variations. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end cascaded network of CNNs to jointly learn crowd count classification and density map estimation. Classifying crowd count into various groups is tantamount to coarsely estimating the total count in the image thereby incorporating a high-level prior into the density estimation network. This enables the layers in the network to learn globally relevant discriminative features which aid in estimating highly refined density maps with lowe…
The task of crowd counting in varying density scenes is an extremely difficult challenge due to large scale variations. In this paper, we propose a novel dual path multi-scale fusion network architecture with attention mechanism named SFANet that can perform accurate count estimation as well as present high-resolution density maps for highly congested crowd scenes. The proposed SFANet contains two main components: a VGG backbone convolutional neural network (CNN) as the front-end feature map extractor and a dual path multi-scale fusion networks as the back-end to generate density map. These du…
Datasets for training crowd counting deep networks are typically heavy-tailed in count distribution and exhibit discontinuities across the count range. As a result, the de facto statistical measures (MSE, MAE) exhibit large variance and tend to be unreliable indicators of performance across the count range. To address these concerns in a holistic manner, we revise processes at various stages of the standard crowd counting pipeline. To enable principled and balanced minibatch sampling, we propose a novel smoothed Bayesian sample stratification approach. We propose a novel cost function which ca…
Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
Crowd-sourcing is an increasingly popular tool for image analysis in animal ecology. Computer vision methods that can utilize crowd-sourced annotations can help scale up analysis further. In this work we study the potential to do so on the challenging task of fine-grained counting. As opposed to the standard crowd counting task, fine-grained counting also involves classifying attributes of individuals in dense crowds. We introduce a new dataset from animal ecology to enable this study that contains 1.7M crowd-sourced annotations of 8 fine-grained classes. It is the largest available dataset fo…
Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering（电气与计算机工程系）
Crowd counting presents enormous challenges in the form of large variation in scales within images and across the dataset. These issues are further exacerbated in highly congested scenes. Approaches based on straightforward fusion of multi-scale features from a deep network seem to be obvious solutions to this problem. However, these fusion approaches do not yield significant improvements in the case of crowd counting in congested scenes. This is usually due to their limited abilities in effectively combining the multi-scale features for problems like crowd counting. To overcome this, we focus…
University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）；Memorial University of Newfoundland（纽芬兰纪念大学）；Dalian Maritime University（大连海事大学）
Crowd counting is an important vision task, which faces challenges on continuous scale variation within a given scene and huge density shift both within and across images. These challenges are typically addressed using multi-column structures in existing methods. However, such an approach does not provide consistent improvement and transferability due to limited ability in capturing multi-scale features, sensitiveness to large density shift, and difficulty in training multi-branch models. To overcome these limitations, a Single-column Scale-invariant Network (ScSiNet) is presented in this pape…
Crowd counting aims to learn the crowd density distributions and estimate the number of objects (e.g. persons) in images. The perspective effect, which significantly influences the distribution of data points, plays an important role in crowd counting. In this paper, we propose a novel perspective-aware approach called PANet to address the perspective problem. Based on the observation that the size of the objects varies greatly in one image due to the perspective effect, we propose the dynamic receptive fields (DRF) framework. The framework is able to adjust the receptive field by the dilated …
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；CSIRO Data61（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织Data61）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
Crowd counting, i.e., estimating the number of people in a crowded area, has attracted much interest in the research community. Although many attempts have been reported, crowd counting remains an open real-world problem due to the vast scale variations in crowd density within the interested area, and severe occlusion among the crowd. In this paper, we propose a novel Pyramid Density-Aware Attention-based network, abbreviated as PDANet, that leverages the attention, pyramid scale feature and two branch decoder modules for density-aware crowd counting. The PDANet utilizes these modules to extra…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Pazhou Lab（琶洲实验室）；Anhui University（安徽大学）；DarkMatter AI Research（DarkMatter AI 研究院）
Crowd counting is a fundamental yet challenging task, which desires rich information to generate pixel-wise crowd density maps. However, most previous methods only used the limited information of RGB images and cannot well discover potential pedestrians in unconstrained scenarios. In this work, we find that incorporating optical and thermal information can greatly help to recognize pedestrians. To promote future researches in this field, we introduce a large-scale RGBT Crowd Counting (RGBT-CC) benchmark, which contains 2,030 pairs of RGB-thermal images with 138,389 annotated people. Furthermor…
University of Kansas（堪萨斯大学）；Ryerson University（瑞尔森大学）
Crowd counting in still images is a challenging problem in practice due to huge crowd-density variations, large perspective changes, severe occlusion, and variable lighting conditions. The state-of-the-art patch rescaling module (PRM) based approaches prove to be very effective in improving the crowd counting performance. However, the PRM module requires an additional and compromising crowd-density classification process. To address these issues and challenges, the paper proposes a new multi-resolution fusion based end-to-end crowd counting network. It employs three deep-layers based columns/b…
Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学）；China Agricultural University（中国农业大学）；JD Finance America Corporation（京东金融美国公司）
Recently the crowd counting has received more and more attention. Especially the technology of high-density environment has become an important research content, and the relevant methods for the existence of extremely dense crowd are not optimal. In this paper, we propose a multi-level attentive Convolutional Neural Network (MLAttnCNN) for crowd counting. We extract high-level contextual information with multiple different scales applied in pooling, and use multi-level attention modules to enrich the characteristics at different layers to achieve more efficient multi-scale feature fusion, whic…
University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）；Memorial University of Newfoundland（纽芬兰纪念大学）；Southwest University（西南大学）；Dalian Maritime University（大连海事大学）
Crowd counting remains a challenging task because the presence of drastic scale variation, density inconsistency, and complex background can seriously degrade the counting accuracy. To battle the ingrained issue of accuracy degradation, we propose a novel and powerful network called Scale Tree Network (STNet) for accurate crowd counting. STNet consists of two key components: a Scale-Tree Diversity Enhancer and a Semi-supervised Multi-level Auxiliator. Specifically, the Diversity Enhancer is designed to enrich scale diversity, which alleviates limitations of existing methods caused by insuffici…
Fudan University（复旦大学）；Xiamen University（厦门大学）；The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）
Crowd counting has important applications in public safety and pandemic control. A robust and practical crowd counting system has to be capable of continuously learning with the new incoming domain data in real-world scenarios instead of fitting one domain only. Off-the-shelf methods have some drawbacks when handling multiple domains: (1) the models will achieve limited performance (even drop dramatically) among old domains after training images from new domains due to the discrepancies of intrinsic data distributions from various domains, which is called catastrophic forgetting; (2) the well-…
Crowd counting from a single image is a challenging task due to high appearance similarity, perspective changes and severe congestion. Many methods only focus on the local appearance features and they cannot handle the aforementioned challenges. In order to tackle them, we propose a Perspective Crowd Counting Network (PCC Net), which consists of three parts: 1) Density Map Estimation (DME) focuses on learning very local features for density map estimation; 2) Random High-level Density Classification (R-HDC) extracts global features to predict the coarse density labels of random patches in imag…
In spite of the many advantages of aerial imagery for crowd monitoring and management at mass events, datasets of aerial images of crowds are still lacking in the field. As a remedy, in this work we introduce a novel crowd dataset, the DLR Aerial Crowd Dataset (DLR-ACD), which is composed of 33 large aerial images acquired from 16 flight campaigns over mass events with 226,291 persons annotated. To the best of our knowledge, DLR-ACD is the first aerial crowd dataset and will be released publicly. To tackle the problem of accurate crowd counting and density map estimation in aerial images of cr…
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology（孟加拉国工程技术大学）
Crowd counting problem that counts the number of people in an image has been extensively studied in recent years. In this paper, we introduce a new variant of crowd counting problem, namely "Categorized Crowd Counting", that counts the number of people sitting and standing in a given image. Categorized crowd counting has many real-world applications such as crowd monitoring, customer service, and resource management. The major challenges in categorized crowd counting come from high occlusion, perspective distortion and the seemingly identical upper body posture of sitting and standing persons.…
Compared with single image based crowd counting, video provides the spatial-temporal information of the crowd that would help improve the robustness of crowd counting. But translation, rotation and scaling of people lead to the change of density map of heads between neighbouring frames. Meanwhile, people walking in/out or being occluded in dynamic scenes leads to the change of head counts. To alleviate these issues in video crowd counting, a Locality-constrained Spatial Transformer Network (LSTN) is proposed. Specifically, we first leverage a Convolutional Neural Networks to estimate the densi…
This paper proposes a crowd counting method. Crowd counting is difficult because of large appearance changes of a target which caused by density and scale changes. Conventional crowd counting methods generally utilize one predictor (e,g., regression and multi-class classifier). However, such only one predictor can not count targets with large appearance changes well. In this paper, we propose to predict the number of targets using multiple CNNs specialized to a specific appearance, and those CNNs are adaptively selected according to the appearance of a test image. By integrating the selected C…
Fully-supervised crowd counting is a laborious task due to the large amounts of annotations. Few works focus on weekly-supervised crowd counting, where only the global crowd numbers are available for training. The main challenge of weekly-supervised crowd counting is the lack of local supervision information. To address this problem, we propose a self-adaptive feature similarity learning (SFSL) network and a global-local consistency (GLC) loss to reinforce local feature representation. We introduce a feature vector which represents the unbiased feature estimation of persons. The network update…
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）
State-of-the-art methods for counting people in crowded scenes rely on deep networks to estimate crowd density. While effective, deep learning approaches are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which, in a crowd-counting context, can lead to serious security issues. However, attack and defense mechanisms have been virtually unexplored in regression tasks, let alone for crowd density estimation. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of existing attack strategies on crowd-counting networks, and introduce a simple yet effective pixel-wise detection mechanism. It builds on the intuition t…
Computer Vision Center（计算机视觉中心）；MICC, University of Florence（佛罗伦萨大学MICC）
We propose a novel crowd counting approach that leverages abundantly available unlabeled crowd imagery in a learning-to-rank framework. To induce a ranking of cropped images , we use the observation that any sub-image of a crowded scene image is guaranteed to contain the same number or fewer persons than the super-image. This allows us to address the problem of limited size of existing datasets for crowd counting. We collect two crowd scene datasets from Google using keyword searches and query-by-example image retrieval, respectively. We demonstrate how to efficiently learn from these unlabele…
