We review the construction of Galileon interactions involving a single two-column mixed-symmetry tensor of arbitrary degree in flat spacetime of arbitrary dimensions, in a reverse engineering spirit. By defining an appropriate Riemann-like tensor for each of these tensor gauge fields, we show that the theories constructed in the spirit of Lovelock's theory of Gravity correspond to the well-known Galileon theories from the literature.
We demonstrate how, for an arbitrary number of dimensions, the Galileon actions and their covariant generalizations can be obtained through a standard Kaluza-Klein compactification of higher-dimensional Lovelock gravity. In this setup, the dilaton takes on the role of the Galileon. In addition, such compactifications uncover other more general Galilean actions, producing purely second-order equations in the weak-field limit, now both for the Galileon and the metric perturbations.
We study a scalar-tensor version of Lovelock theory with a non trivial higher order galileon term involving the coupling of the Lovelock two tensor with derivatives of the scalar galileon field. For a static and spherically symmetric spacetime we extend the Boulware-Deser solution to the presence of a Galileon field. The hairy solution has a regular scalar field on the black hole event horizon and presents certain self tuning properties for the bulk cosmological constant and the Gauss-Bonnet coupling. The combined time and radial dependence of the galileon field permits its horizon regularity.…
We show how the flat spacetime Galileon field theories (FSGFT) in arbitrary dimensions can be obtained through a Born-Infeld type structure. This construction involves a brane metric and non-linear combinations of derivatives of a scalar field. Our setup gives rise to some Galileon tensors and vectors useful for the variational analysis which are related to the momentum density of the probe Lovelock branes floating in a $N$-dimensional flat bulk. We find further that the Noether currents associated to these Galileon theories may be written in terms of such tensors.
The particular structure of Galileon interactions allows for higher-derivative terms while retaining second order field equations for scalar fields and Abelian $p$-forms. In this work we introduce an index-free formulation of these interactions in terms of two sets of Grassmannian variables. We employ this to construct Galileon interactions for mixed-symmetry tensor fields and coupled systems thereof. We argue that these tensors are the natural generalization of scalars with Galileon symmetry, similar to $p$-forms and scalars with a shift-symmetry. The simplest case corresponds to linearised g…
We derive the relativistic generalization of the Galileon, by studying the brane position modulus of a relativistic probe brane embedded in a five- dimensional bulk. In the appropriate Galilean contraction limit, we recover the complete Galileon generalization of the DGP decoupling theory and its conformal extension. All higher order interactions for the Galileon and its relativistic generalization naturally follow from the brane tension, induced curvature, and the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary terms associated with all bulk Lovelock invariants. Our approach makes the coupling to gravity strai…
In the decoupling limit, the DGP model reduces to the theory of a scalar field pi, with interactions including a specific cubic self-interaction - the galileon term. This term, and its quartic and quintic generalizations, can be thought of as arising from a probe 3-brane in a 5-dimensional bulk with Lovelock terms on the brane and in the bulk. We study multi-field generalizations of the galileon, and extend this probe brane view to higher co-dimensions. We derive an extremely restrictive theory of multiple galileon fields, interacting through a quartic term controlled by a single coupling, and…
In order to study the properties of Lovelock gravity theories in low dimensions, we define the kth-order Riemann-Lovelock tensor as a certain quantity having a total 4k-indices, which is kth-order in the Riemann curvature tensor and shares its basic algebraic and differential properties. We show that the kth-order Riemann-Lovelock tensor is determined by its traces in dimensions 2k \le D <4k. In D=2k+1 this identity implies that all solutions of pure kth-order Lovelock gravity are `Riemann-Lovelock' flat. It is verified that the static, spherically symmetric solutions of these theories, which …
We review the different frameworks in which Galileon scalar fields have been seen to emerge such an in DGP, New Massive Gravity and Ghost-free massive Gravity and emphasize their relation with the Lovelock invariant in braneworld models. The existence of a non-renormalization theorem for Galileon scalar fields makes them especially attractive candidates for inflation as well as for late-time acceleration. In particular we review the self-accelerating and degravitating branches of solutions present in Galileon models when arising from Massive Gravity and discuss their phenomenology.
We establish a correspondence between general relativity with diffeomorphism invariance and scalar field theories with Galilean invariance: notions such as the Levi-Civita connection and the Riemann tensor have a Galilean counterpart. This suggests Galilean theories as the unique nontrivial alternative to gauge theories (including general relativity). Moreover, it is shown that the requirement of first-order Palatini formalism uniquely determines the Galileon models with second-order field equations, similar to the Lovelock gravity theories. Possible extensions are discussed.
The recently proposed regularized Lovelock tensors are kinetically coupled to the scalar field. The resulting equation of motion is second order. In particular, it is found that when the $p=3$ regularized Lovelock tensor is kinetically coupled to the scalar field, the scalar field is the potential candidate of cosmic dark energy.
Constructs from conformal geometry are important in low dimensional gravity models, while in higher dimensions the higher curvature interactions of Lovelock gravity are similarly prominent. Considering conformal invariance in the context of Lovelock gravity leads to natural, higher-curvature generalizations of the Weyl, Schouten, Cotton and Bach tensors, with properties that straightforwardly extend those of their familiar counterparts. As a first application, we introduce a new set of conformally invariant gravity theories in D=4k dimensions, based on the squares of the higher curvature Weyl …
In the Riemann geometry, the metric's equation of motion for an arbitrary Lagrangian is succinctly expressed in term of the first variation of the action with respect to the Riemann tensor if the Riemann tensor were independent of the metric. Let this variation be called the E-tensor. Noting that the E-tensor and equations of the motion for a general Lovelock gravity have the same differential degree, we define generalized Lovelock gravity as polynomial scalar densities constructed out from the Riemann tensor and its arbitrary covariant derivatives such that they lead to the same differential …
We review and discuss some recent progress in Lovelock and Horndeski theories modifying Einstein's General Relativity. Using as our guide the uniqueness properties of these modified gravity theories we then discuss how Kaluza-Klein reduction of Lovelock theory can lead to effective scalar-tensor actions including several important terms of Horndeski theory. We show how this can be put to practical use by mapping analytic black hole solutions of one theory to the other. We then elaborate on the subset of Horndeski theory that has self-tuning properties and review a generic method giving scalar-…
We study the stability of static black holes in the third order Lovelock theory. We derive a master equation for tensor perturbations. Using the master equation, we analyze the stability of Lovelock black holes mainly in seven and eight dimensions. We find there are cases where the linear analysis breaks down. If we restrict ourselves to the regime where the linear analysis is legitimate, black holes are always stable in seven dimensions. However, in eight dimensions, there exists a critical mass below which black holes are unstable. Combining our result in the third order Lovelock theory with…
We extend to curved backgrounds all flat-space scalar field models that obey purely second-order equations, while maintaining their second-order dependence on both field and metric. This extension simultaneously restores to second order the, originally higher derivative, stress tensors as well. The process is transparent and uniform for all dimensions.
We study the problem of finding brane-like solutions to Lovelock gravity, adopting a general approach to establish conditions that a lower dimensional base metric must satisfy in order that a solution to a given Lovelock theory can be constructed in one higher dimension. We find that for Lovelock theories with generic values of the coupling constants, the Lovelock tensors (higher curvature generalizations of the Einstein tensor) of the base metric must all be proportional to the metric. Hence, allowed base metrics form a subclass of Einstein metrics. This subclass includes so-called `universal…
We study scalar-tensor theories respecting the projective invariance in the metric-affine formalism. The metric-affine formalism is a formulation of gravitational theories such that the metric and the connection are independent variables in the first place. In this formalism, the Einstein-Hilbert action has an additional invariance, called the projective invariance, under a shift of the connection. Respecting this invariance for the construction of the scalar-tensor theories, we find that the Galileon terms in curved spacetime are uniquely specified at least up to quartic order which does not …
A Poincarè invariant, local scalar field theory in which the Lagrangian and the equation of motion contain only up to second-order derivatives of the fields is called generalized Galileon. The covariant version of it in four dimensions is called Horndeski theory, and has been vigorously studied in applications to inflation and dark energy. In this paper, we study a class of multi-field extensions of the generalized Galileon theory. By imposing shift and $SO(N)$ symmetries on all the currently known multi-Galileon terms in general dimensions, we find that the structure of the Lagrangian is uniq…
Degenerate scalar-tensor theories are recently proposed covariant theories of gravity coupled with a scalar field. Despite being characterised by higher order equations of motion, they do not propagate more than three degrees of freedom, thanks to the existence of constraints. We discuss a geometrical approach to degenerate scalar-tensor systems, and analyse its consequences. We show that some of these theories emerge as a certain limit of DBI Galileons. In absence of dynamical gravity, these systems correspond to scalar theories enjoying a symmetry which is different from Galileon invariance.…
We consider a general Kaluza-Klein reduction of a truncated Lovelock theory. We find necessary geometric conditions for the reduction to be consistent. The resulting lower-dimensional theory is a higher derivative scalar-tensor theory, depends on a single real parameter and yields second-order field equations. Due to the presence of higher-derivative terms, the theory has multiple applications in modifications of Einstein gravity (Galileon/Horndesky theory) and holography (Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theories). We find and analyze charged black hole solutions with planar or curved horizons, both …
We show that the splitting feature of the Einstein tensor, as the first term of the Lovelock tensor, into two parts, namely the Ricci tensor and the term proportional to the curvature scalar, with the trace relation between them is a common feature of any other homogeneous terms in the Lovelock tensor. Motivated by the principle of general invariance, we find that this property can be generalized, with the aid of a generalized trace operator which we define, for any inhomogeneous Euler-Lagrange expression that can be spanned linearly in terms of homogeneous tensors. Then, through an applicatio…
We present an alternative derivation of the gravitational field equations for Lovelock gravity starting from the Newton's law, which is closer in spirit to the thermodynamic description of gravity. As a warm up exercise, we have explicitly demonstrated that projecting the Riemann curvature tensor appropriately and taking a cue from Poisson's equation, the Einstein's equations immediately follow. The above derivation naturally generalizes to Lovelock gravity theories where an appropriate curvature tensor satisfying the symmetries as well as the Bianchi derivative properties of the Riemann tenso…
We prove the theorem: The second order quasi-linear differential operator as a second rank divergence free tensor in the equation of motion for gravitation could always be derived from the trace of the Bianchi derivative of the fourth rank tensor, which is a homogeneous polynomial in curvatures. The existence of such a tensor for each term in the polynomial Lagrangian is a new characterization of the Lovelock gravity.
We study the stability of static black holes in Lovelock theory which is a natural higher dimensional generalization of Einstein theory. We derive a master equation for tensor perturbations in general Lovelock theory. It turns out that the resultant equation is characterized by one functional which determines the background black hole solutions. Thus, the stability issue of static black holes under tensor perturbations in general dimensions is reduced to an algebraic problem. We show that small Lovelock black holes in even-dimensions are unstable.
We find a covariant completion of the flat-space multi-galileon theory, preserving second-order field equations. We then generalise this to arrive at an enlarged class of second order theories describing multiple scalars and a single tensor, and conjecture that these are a multi-scalar version of Horndeski's most general scalar-tensor theory.
We study the stability of static spherically symmetric charged black holes under tensor type perturbations in Lovelock theory which is a natural higher dimensional generalization of Einstein theory. We derive the master equation for tensor type perturbations and present the criterions for the stability. Examining these criterions numerically, we show that a black hole with small charge has the instability if its mass is as small as extreme mass. Combined with our previous result that neutral black hole has no dynamical instability in odd dimensions, this result suggests that charges have fatal…
In the Horndeski's most general scalar-tensor theories with second-order field equations, we derive the conditions for the avoidance of ghosts and Laplacian instabilities associated with scalar, tensor, and vector perturbations in the presence of two perfect fluids on the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background. Our general results are useful for the construction of theoretically consistent models of dark energy. We apply our formulas to extended Galileon models in which a tracker solution with an equation of state smaller than -1 is present. We clarify the allowed parameter…
We investigate the bounce and cyclicity realization in the framework of weakly broken galileon theories. We study bouncing and cyclic solutions at the background level, reconstructing the potential and the galileon functions that can give rise to a given scale factor, and presenting analytical expressions for the bounce requirements. We proceed to a detailed investigation of the perturbations, which after crossing the bouncing point give rise to various observables, such as the scalar and tensor spectral indices and the tensor-to-scalar ratio. Although the scenario at hand shares the disadvant…
In this thesis, we explore the possibility to define black hole mass in terms of the Weyl tensor for the entire family of Lovelock-AdS gravity theories. The level of degeneracy $k$ of the corresponding vacuum fixes the number of curvatures that should appear in the energy formula. Therefore, the charge expression which is a polynomial of maximal degree in the curvature, can be consistently truncated to an order $k$ in the Weyl tensor. In particular, for the maximally degenerate case in odd dimensions (Chern-Simons AdS) the expression identically vanishes and the mass must come from the formula…
Although gravitational actions diverge in asymptotically AdS spacetimes, boundary counterterms can be added in order to cancel out those divergences; such counterterms are known in general to third order in the Riemann tensor for the Einstein-Hilbert action. Considering foliations of AdS with an $S^m \times H^{d-m}$ boundary, we discuss a simple algorithm which we use to generate counterterms up to sixth order in the Riemann tensor, for the Einstein-Hilbert, Gauss-Bonnet and third-order-Lovelock Lagrangians. We also comment on other theories such as $F(R)$ gravity.
We construct a large class of explicit, asymptotically flat and regular wormhole solutions in higher order scalar tensor theories. The solutions are vacuum solutions of scalar tensor theory and no matter (exotic or regular) is introduced in order to support them. They are constructed via a general disformal transformation of a seed black hole solution. The seed solutions belong to a particular Horndeski theory which requires the presence of all extended Galileons and has a higher dimensional Lovelock origin. As a result, the resulting wormholes are always solutions of general beyond Horndeski …
We study Galileon theories that emerge in ghost-free massive gravity. In particular, we focus on a sub-class of these theories where the Galileons can be completely decoupled from the tensor Lagrangian. These Galileons differ from generic ones -- they have interrelated coefficients of the cubic and quartic terms, and most importantly, a non-standard coupling to external stress-tensors, governed by the same coefficient. We show that this theory has no static stable spherically symmetric solutions that would interpolate from the Vainshtein region to flat space; these two regions cannot be smooth…
The Horndeski theories are extended into the Lovelock gravity theory. When the canonical scalar field is uniquely kinetically coupled to the Lovelock tensors, it is named after Lovelock scalar field. The Lovelock scalar field model is a subclass of the new Horndeski theories. A most attractive feature of the Lovelock scalar field is its equation of motion is second order. So it is free of ghosts. We study the cosmology of Lovelock scalar field in the background of $7$ dimensional spacetime and present a class of cosmic solutions. These solutions reveal the physics of the scalar field is rather…
We suggest that galileon theories should have an additional self-coupling of the fields to the trace of their own energy-momentum tensor. We explore the classical features of one such model, in flat 4D spacetime, with emphasis on solutions that are scalar analogues of gravitational geons. We discuss the stability of these scalar geons, and some of their possible signatures, including shock fronts.
We present a class of exact scalar-tensor black holes for a shift-symmetric part of the Horndeski action. The action includes a higher order scalar tensor interaction term. We find that for a static and spherically symmetric space-time, the scalar field, if time dependent, can be non-trivial and regular thus circumventing in an interesting way no-hair arguments for gallileons. Furthermore, within this class we find a stealth Schwarzschild and a partially self-tuned de-Sitter Schwarzschild black hole, both exhibiting a non trivial and regular space and time dependent scalar. In the latter solut…
Galileon theories are of considerable interest since they allow for stable violations of the null energy condition. Since such violations could have occurred during a high-energy regime in the history of our universe, we are motivated to study supersymmetric extensions of these theories. This is carried out in this paper, where we construct generic classes of N=1 supersymmetric Galileon Lagrangians. They are shown to admit non-equivalent stress-energy tensors and, hence, vacua manifesting differing conditions for violating the null energy condition. The temporal and spatial fluctuations of all…
We show that the scalar-tensor theory that arises in a rigorous $D \to 3$ limit of Lovelock gravity up to cubic order admits a holographic c-theorem and verify that the value of the c-function at the UV fixed point matches with the Weyl anomaly coefficient (up to an irrelevant factor). The constructed c-function is the same as one that follows from the "naive limit", which is obtained by scaling the couplings by a factor of $\frac{1}{D-3}$, and then setting $D=3$.
We extend the Birkhoff's theorem in Lovelock gravity for arbitrary base manifolds using an elementary method. In particular, it is shown that any solution of the form of a warped product of a two-dimensional transverse space and an arbitrary base manifold must be static. Moreover, the field equations restrict the base manifold such that all the non-trivial intrinsic Lovelock tensors of the base manifold are constants, which can be chosen arbitrarily, and the metric in the transverse space is determined by a single function of a spacelike coordinate which satisfies an algebraic equation involvi…
We derive an expression for conserved charges in Lovelock AdS gravity for solutions having $k$-fold degenerate vacua, making manifest a link between the degeneracy of a given vacuum and the nonlinearity of the energy formula. We show for a black hole solution to the field equations on a branch of multiplicity $k$ that its mass comes from an expression that contains the product of $k$ Weyl tensors. We prove that all divergent contributions of the type (Weyl)$^q$, with $1\le q<k$, are suppressed. Our conserved charge definition is a natural generalization of the Conformal Mass by Ashtekar, Magno…
It was previously found that in a certain parameter subspace of scalar-tensor theories emerging from massive gravity, the only stable field configuration created by static spherically symmetric sources was one with cosmological asymptotics. Moreover, these backgrounds were shown to be sub-luminal everywhere in the space; in contrast to the common believe that these theories are necessarily superluminal in the vicinity of a static source. In this work we complete that analysis by extending it to cover the whole parameter space of these scalar-tensor theories. We find that the stability argument…
It has been pointed out that non-singular cosmological solutions in second-order scalar-tensor theories generically suffer from gradient instabilities. We extend this no-go result to second-order gravitational theories with an arbitrary number of interacting scalar fields. Our proof follows directly from the action of generalized multi-Galileons, and thus is different from and complementary to that based on the effective field theory approach. Several new terms for generalized multi-Galileons on a flat background were proposed recently. We find a covariant completion of them and confirm that t…
We systematically construct derivative self-interactions for massless and massive 2-forms. There exists a no-go theorem in the literature for constructing Galileon-like Lagrangians in four dimensions for the 2-form with gauge invariance, the Kalb-Rammond field. The presence of non-minimal couplings strongly relies on the contraction with divergenceless tensors. In four dimensions these are the Einstein tensor and the double dual Riemann tensor. Even though they are divergenceless on their own, their combination ceases to be. In the case of massless 2-forms we are not able to establish non-mini…
Galileon models arise in certain braneworld scenarios as modifications to General Relativity, and are also interesting as field theories in their own right. We show how the galileon model can be naturally generalized to include local gauge symmetries, by allowing for couplings to Yang-Mills fields. The resulting theories have at most second order spacetime derivatives in any representation of the gauge group, thereby avoiding Ostrogradski ghosts. We also extend the models to include curved space, and show how in that case we need to include non-minimal couplings between the galileons and the c…
We propose a new class of inflation model, G-inflation, which has a Galileon-like nonlinear derivative interaction of the form $G(ϕ, (\nablaϕ)^2)\Boxϕ$ in the Lagrangian with the resultant equations of motion being of second order. It is shown that (almost) scale-invariant curvature fluctuations can be generated even in the exactly de Sitter background and that the tensor-to-scalar ratio can take a significantly larger value than in the standard inflation models, violating the standard consistency relation. Furthermore, violation of the null energy condition can occur without any instabilities…
In this work we consider a DBI Galileon (DBIG) inflationary model and constrain its parameter space with the Planck 2015 and BICEP2/Keck array and Planck (BKP) joint analysis data by means of a potential independent analysis. We focus our attention on inflationary solutions characterized by a constant or varying sound speed as well as warp factor. We impose bounds on stringy aspects of the model, such as the warp factor $\left(f\right)$ and the induced gravity parameter $\left(\tilde{m}\right)$. We study the parameter space of the model and find that the tensor-to-scalar ratio can be as low as…
We consider extensions of the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian to a general functional of metric and Riemann curvature tensor. A given such Lagrangian describes two different theories depending on considering connection and metric (Palatini formulation), or only the metric (metric formulation) as independent dynamical degrees of freedom. Equivalence of the Palatini and metric formulations at the level of equations of motion, which as we will argue is a manifestation of the Equivalence Principle, is the physical criterion that restricts form of the Lagrangians of modified gravity theories. We prove …
f(Lovelock) gravities are simple generalizations of the usual f(R) and Lovelock theories in which the gravitational action depends on some arbitrary function of the corresponding dimensionally-extended Euler densities. In this paper we study several aspects of these theories in general dimensions. We start by identifying the generalized boundary term which makes the gravitational variational problem well-posed. Then, we show that these theories are equivalent to certain scalar-tensor theories and how this relation is characterized by the Hessian of f. We also study the linearized equations of …
We study the cosmology of a generalized Galileon field $ϕ$ with five covariant Lagrangians in which $ϕ$ is replaced by general scalar functions $f_{i}(ϕ)$ (i=1,...,5). For these theories, the equations of motion remain at second-order in time derivatives. We restrict the functional forms of $f_{i}(ϕ)$ from the demand to obtain de Sitter solutions responsible for dark energy. There are two possible choices for power-law functions $f_{i}(ϕ)$, depending on whether the coupling $F(ϕ)$ with the Ricci scalar $R$ is independent of $ϕ$ or depends on $ϕ$. The former corresponds to the covariant Galileo…
For very general scalar-field theories in which the equations of motion are at second-order, we evaluate the three-point correlation function of primordial scalar perturbations generated during inflation. We show that the shape of non-Gaussianities is well approximated by the equilateral type. The equilateral non-linear parameter f_NL^equil is derived on the quasi de Sitter background where the slow-variation parameters are much smaller than unity. We apply our formula for f_NL^equil to a number of single-field models of inflation--such as k-inflation, k-inflation with Galileon terms, potentia…
We present matching conditions for distributional sources of arbitrary codimension in the context of Lovelock gravity. Then we give examples, treating maximally symmetric distributional p-branes, embedded in flat, de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spacetime. Unlike Einstein theory, distributional defects of locally smooth geometry and codimension greater than 2 are demonstrated to exist in Lovelock theories. The form of the matching conditions depends on the parity of the brane codimension. For odd codimension, the matching conditions involve discontinuities of Chern-Simons forms and are thus simil…
We consider theories describing the dynamics of a four-dimensional metric, whose Lagrangian is diffeomorphism invariant and depends at most on second derivatives of the metric. Imposing degeneracy conditions we find a set of Lagrangians that, apart form the Einstein-Hilbert one, are either trivial or contain more than two degrees of freedom. Among the partially degenerate theories, we recover Chern-Simons gravity, endowed with constraints whose structure suggests the presence of instabilities. Then, we enlarge the class of parity violating theories of gravity by introducing new "chiral scalar-…
We compute the boundary terms and junction conditions for Horndeski's panoptic class of scalar-tensor theories, and write the bulk and boundary equations of motion in explicitly second order form. We consider a number of special subclasses, including galileon theories, and present the corresponding formulae. Our analysis opens up of the possibility of studying tunnelling between vacua in generalized scalar-tensor theories, and braneworld dynamics. The latter follows because our results are independent of spacetime dimension.
We present a unified description of the dark matter and the dark energy sectors, in the framework of shift-symmetric generalized Galileon theories. Considering a particular combination of terms in the Horndeski Lagrangian in which we have not introduced a cosmological constant or a matter sector, we obtain an effective unified cosmic fluid whose equation of state $w_U$ is zero during the whole matter era, namely from redshifts $z\sim3000$ up to $z\sim2-3$. Then at smaller redshifts it starts decreasing, passing the bound $w_U=-1/3$, which marks the onset of acceleration, at around $z\sim0.5$. …
We study certain bi-scalar-tensor theories emanating from conformal symmetry requirements of Horndeski's four-dimensional action. The former scalar is a Galileon with shift symmetry whereas the latter scalar is adjusted to have a higher order conformal coupling. Employing technics from local Weyl geometry certain Galileon higher order terms are thus constructed to be conformally invariant. The combined shift and partial conformal symmetry of the action, allow us to construct exact black hole solutions. The black holes initially found are of planar horizon geometry embedded in anti de Sitter sp…
We study how the Vainshtein mechanism operates in the most general scalar-tensor theories with second-order equations of motion. The field equations of motion, which can be also applicable to most of other screening scenarios proposed in literature, are generally derived in a spherically symmetric space-time with a matter source. In the presence of a field coupling to the Ricci scalar, we clarify conditions under which the Vainshtein mechanism is at work in a weak gravitational background. We also obtain the solutions of the field equation inside a spherically symmetric body and show how they …
