Stephan Gufler, Oren Louidor
We provide uniform bounds and asymptotics for the probability that a two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field on an annulus-like domain and with Dirichlet boundary conditions stays negative as the ratio of the radii of the inner and the outer boundary tends to infinity.
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We study the discrete time risk process modelled by the skip-free random walk and we derive the results connected to the ruin probability, such as crossing the fixed level, for this kind of process. We use the method relying on the classical ballot theorems to derive these results and compare them to the results obtained for the continuous time version of the risk process. We further generalize this model by adding the perturbation and, still relying on the skip-free structure of that process, we generalize the previous results on crossing the fixed level for the generalized discrete time risk…
We present here an elementary example, for every fixed positive integer $k,$ of a strictly stationary nongaussian stochastic process in discrete time, all of whose $k$-marginals are gaussian.
Dirichlet fractional Gaussian fields on the Sierpinski gasket and their discrete graph approximations
本文在Sierpinski垫片上定义Dirichlet分数高斯场，证明其为离散分数高斯场的极限，建立了连续与离散场的联系。
In this paper, we study the asymptotic relation between the maximum of acontinuous order statistics process formed by stationary Gaussian processesand the maximum of this process sampled at discrete time points. It is shown that, these two maxima are asymptotically independent when the Gaussian processes are weakly dependent and the discrete points are sufficient sparse, while for other case, these two maxima are asymptotically dependent.
We prove convergence of the full extremal process of the two-dimensional scale-inhomogeneous discrete Gaussian free field in the weak correlation regime. The scale-inhomogeneous discrete Gaussian free field is obtained from the 2d discrete Gaussian free field by modifying the variance through a function $\mathcal{I}:[0,1]\rightarrow [0,1]$. The limiting process is a cluster Cox process. The random intensity of the Cox process depends on the $\mathcal{I}^\prime(0)$ through a random measure $Y$ and on the $\mathcal{I}^\prime(1)$ through a constant $β$. We describe the cluster process, which only…
We prove that homogenous sums inside a fixed discrete Poisson chaos are universal with respect to normal approximations. This result parallels some recent findings, in a Gaussian context, by Nourdin, Peccati and Reinert (2010). As a by-product of our analysis, we provide some refinements of the CLTs for random variables on the Poisson space proved by Peccati, Solé, Taqqu and Utzet (2010), and by Peccati and Zheng (2010).
One-arm probabilities for the two-dimensional metric-graph and discrete Gaussian free field
研究离散和度量图高斯自由场在盒状区域狄利克雷边界条件下的单臂概率，推导度量图的渐进行为并比较离散与度量图的点到体概率差异。
We consider in this paper the collection of near maxima of the discrete, two dimensional Gaussian free field in a box with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We provide a rough description of the geometry of the set of near maxima, estimates on the gap between the two largest maxima, and an estimate for the right tail up to a multiplicative constant on the law of the centered maximum.
We consider the maximum of the discrete two dimensional Gaussian free field (GFF) in a box, and prove that its maximum, centered at its mean, is tight, settling a long-standing conjecture. The proof combines a recent observation of Bolthausen, Deuschel and Zeitouni with elements from (Bramson 1978) and comparison theorems for Gaussian fields. An essential part of the argument is the precise evaluation, up to an error of order 1, of the expected value of the maximum of the GFF in a box. Related Gaussian fields, such as the GFF on a two-dimensional torus, are also discussed.
We consider the maximum of the discrete two dimensional Gaussian free field in a box, and prove the existence of a (dense) deterministic subsequence along which the maximum, centered at its mean, is tight; this still leaves open the conjecture that tightness holds without the need for subsequences. The method of proof relies on an argument developed by Dekking and Host for branching random walks with bounded increments and on comparison results specific to Gaussian fields.
This is the first of a three paper series in which we present a comprehensive study of the extreme value theory of the scale-inhomogeneous discrete Gaussian free field. This model was introduced by Arguin and Ouimet who computed the first order of the maximum. In this first paper we establish tail estimates for the maximum value, which allow to deduce the log-correction to the order of the maximum and tightness of the centred maximum. Our proofs are based on the second moment method and Gaussian comparison techniques.
Lower bounds for persistence probabilities of stationary Gaussian processes in discrete time are obtained under various conditions on the spectral measure of the process. Examples are given to show that the persistence probability can decay faster than exponentially. It is shown that if the spectral measure is not singular, then the exponent in the persistence probability cannot grow faster than quadratically. An example that appears (from numerical evidence) to achieve this lower bound is presented.
Adapted optimal transport between Gaussian processes in discrete time
本文研究离散时间高斯过程的适应最优传输，显式给出非退化高斯分布间的适应 2-Wasserstein 距离及最优双因果耦合，并提出正定矩阵空间上的适应 Bures-Wasserstein 距离。
We provide conditions that ensure that the recentered maximum of the Gaussian free field on a sequence of graphs fluctuates at the same order as the field at the point of maximal variance. In particular, on a sequence of such graphs the recentered maximum is not tight, similarly to the situation in Z but in contrast with the situation in Z^2. We show that our conditions cover a large class of "fractal" graphs.
In this article we aim at defining the discrete Gaussian free field (DGFF) on a compact manifold. Since there is no canonical grid approximation of a manifold, we construct a random graph that suitably replaces the square lattice $\mathbb{Z}^d$ in Euclidean space, and prove that the scaling limit of the DGFF is given by the manifold continuum Gaussian free field (GFF). Furthermore using Voronoi tessellations we can interpret the DGFF as element of a Sobolev space and show convergence to the GFF in law with respect to the strong Sobolev topology.
One-dimensional discrete Gaussian Markov processes: Harmonic decomposition of invariant boundary conditions
本文研究一维离散高斯马尔可夫过程的不变边界条件，利用模型固有的亚纯矩阵值函数及其奇点进行边界对象分解，给出不变测度的显式计算算法，并应用于矩阵值三角多项式的 Szegő 极限定理。
Discrete Gaussian Free Field via Hadamard's formula
本文提出通过动态展开格林函数构造离散高斯自由场的新方法，并获得离散Hadamard变分公式。该方法不依赖于维度和光滑性，适用于具有几何和度量信息的图模型。
We study the persistence probability for some two-sided discrete-time Gaussian sequences that are discrete-time analogs of fractional Brownian motion and integrated fractional Brownian motion, respectively. Our results extend the corresponding ones in continuous-time in [Molchan, Commun. Math. Phys., 1999] and [Molchen, J. Stat. Phys., 2017] to a wide class of discrete-time processes.
We consider the two-dimensional Gaussian Free Field on a box of side length $N$, with Dirichlet boundary data, and prove the convergence of the law of the recentered maximum of the field.
We study the tail behavior for the maximum of discrete Gaussian free field on a 2D box with Dirichlet boundary condition after centering by its expectation. We show that it exhibits an exponential decay for the right tail and a double exponential decay for the left tail. In particular, our result implies that the variance of the maximum is of order 1, improving an $o(\log n)$ bound by Chatterjee (2008) and confirming a folklore conjecture. An important ingredient for our proof is a result of Bramson and Zeitouni (2010), who proved the tightness of the centered maximum together with an evaluati…
Top of the spectrum of discrete Anderson Hamiltonians with correlated Gaussian potentials
本文研究相关高斯噪声下离散安德森哈密顿量谱顶的极限行为，证明最大特征值收敛到泊松点过程，并揭示局域中心与噪声最大值的关系依赖于协方差函数在零点的行为。
Gaussian noise stability results have recently played an important role in proving results in hardness of approximation in computer science and in the study of voting schemes in social choice. We prove a new Gaussian noise stability result generalizing an isoperimetric result by Borell on the heat kernel and derive as applications: * An optimality result for majority in the context of Condorcet voting. * A proof of a conjecture on "cosmic coin tossing" for low influence functions. We also discuss a Gaussian noise stability conjecture which may be viewed as a generalization of the "Double Bubbl…
The paper deals with the expected maxima of continuous Gaussian processes $X = (X_t)_{t\ge 0}$ that are Hölder continuous in $L_2$-norm and/or satisfy the opposite inequality for the $L_2$-norms of their increments. Examples of such processes include the fractional Brownian motion and some of its "relatives" (of which several examples are given in the paper). We establish upper and lower bounds for $E \max_{0\le t\le 1}X_t$ and investigate the rate of convergence to that quantity of its discrete approximation $E \max_{0\le i\le n}X_{i/n}$. Some further properties of these two maxima are establ…
We continue the study of the maximum of the scale-inhomogeneous discrete Gaussian free field in dimension two. In this paper, we consider the regime of weak correlations and prove the convergence in law of the centred maximum to a randomly shifted Gumbel distribution. In particular, we obtain limiting expressions for the random shift. As in the case of variable speed branching Brownian motion, the shift is of the form CY, where C is a constant that depends only on the variance at the shortest scales, and Y is a random variable that depends only on the variance at the largest scales. Moreover, …
We consider the asymptotics of the difference between the empirical measures of the $β$-Hermite tridiagonal matrix and its minor. We prove that this difference has a deterministic limit and Gaussian fluctuations. Through a correspondence between measures and continual Young diagrams, this deterministic limit is identified with the Vershik-Kerov-Logan-Shepp curve. Moreover, the Gaussian fluctuations are identified with a sectional derivative of the Gaussian free field.
For $\{X(t), t \in G_δ\}$ a centered Gaussian process with stationary increments and a.s. sample paths on a discrete grid $G_δ=\{0,δ,2δ, ...\}$, where $δ>0$, we investigate the stationary reflected process $$Q_{δ,X}(t) = \sup\limits_{s\in [t,\infty)\cap G_δ}\big( X(s)-X(t)-c(s-t)\big), \ t \in G_δ$$ with $c>0$. We derive the exact asymptotics of $$\mathbb P\{\sup\limits_{t\in [0,T]\cap G_δ} Q_{δ,X}(t)>u\} \quad \text{and} \quad \mathbb P\{\inf\limits_{t\in [0,T]\cap G_δ} Q_{δ,X}(t)>u\},$$ as $u\to\infty$, with $T>0$. It appears that $φ=\lim_{u\to\infty} \frac{σ^2(u)}{u}$ determines the asympto…
In the Lévy construction of Brownian motion, a Haar-derived basis of functions is used to form a finite-dimensional process $W^{N}$ and to define the Wiener process as the almost sure path-wise limit of $W^{N}$ when $N$ tends to infinity. We generalize such a construction to the class of centered Gaussian Markov processes $X$ which can be written $X_{t} = g(t) \cdot \int_{0}^{t} f(t) dW_{t}$ with $f$ and $g$ being continuous functions. We build the finite-dimensional process $X^{N}$ so that it gives an exact representation of the conditional expectation of $X$ with respect to the filtration ge…
We consider the discrete Gaussian Free Field in a square box in $\mathbb Z^2$ of side length $N$ with zero boundary conditions and study the joint law of its properly-centered extreme values ($h$) and their scaled spatial positions ($x$) in the limit as $N\to\infty$. Restricting attention to extreme local maxima, i.e., the extreme points that are maximal in an $r_N$-neighborhood thereof, we prove that the associated process tends, whenever $r_N\to\infty$ and $r_N/N\to0$, to a Poisson point process with intensity measure $Z(dx)e^{-αh}dh$, where $α:= 2/\sqrt{g}$ with $g:=2/π$ and where $Z(dx)$ i…
Motivated by the papers of Piterbarg (2004) and Hüsler (2004), in this paper the asymptotic relation between the maximum of a continuous dependent homogeneous Gaussian random field and the maximum of this field sampled at discrete time points is studied. It is shown that, for the weakly dependent case, these two maxima are asymptotically independent, dependent and coincide when the grid of the discrete time points is a sparse grid, Pickands grid and dense grid, respectively, while for the strongly dependent case, these two maxima are asymptotically totally dependent if the grid of the discrete…
Gaussian curvature on random planar maps and Liouville quantum gravity
本文定义 LQG 的高斯曲率并猜想其为随机平面图离散曲率的标度极限，通过分析 ε-mated CRT 映射证明了测试函数积分曲率的阶及总曲率的收敛极限。
We consider the lattice version of the free field in two dimensions and study the fractal structure of the sets where the field is unusually high (or low). We then extend some of our computations to the case of the free field conditioned on being everywhere nonnegative. For example, we compute the width of the largest downward spike of a given length. Through the prism of these results, we find that the extrema of the free field under entropic repulsion (minus its mean) and those of the unconditioned free field are identical. Finally, when compared to previous results these findings reveal a s…
Mixing profile for Glauber dynamics of the discrete Gaussian Free Field starting from super-harmonic functions
研究任意连通有限图上离散高斯自由场热浴Glauber动力学的混合时间，证明从超调和初始条件出发时具有强单调性，得到尖锐混合剖面，适用于无极端连通性的图，包括三维及以上网格有限盒子。
We study the persistence probability for some discrete-time, time-reversible processes. In particular, we deduce the persistence exponent in a number of examples: first, we deal with random walks in random sceneries (RWRS) in any dimension with Gaussian scenery. Second, we deal with sums of stationary Gaussian sequences with correlations exhibiting long-range dependence. Apart from the persistence probability we deal with the position of the maximum and the time spent on the positive half-axis by the process.
Discrete Gaussian free fields on Hamming graphs
本文研究了在汉明图上定义的高斯自由场，通过群论和傅里叶变换分析了其性质及特定模型的特征。
We continue our study of the scale-inhomogeneous Gaussian free field introduced in Arguin and Ouimet (2016). Firstly, we compute the limiting free energy on V_N and adapt a technique of Bovier and Kurkova (2004b) to determine the limiting two-overlap distribution. The adaptation was already successfully applied in the simpler case of Arguin and Zindy (2015), where the limiting free energy was computed for the field with two levels (in the center of V_N) and the limiting two-overlap distribution was determined in the homogeneous case. Our results agree with the analogous quantities for the Gene…
We investigate the tail asymptotic behavior of the sojourn time for a large class of centered Gaussian processes $X$, in both continuous- and discrete-time framework. All results obtained here are new for the discrete-time case. In the continuous-time case, we complement the investigations of [1,2] for non-stationary $X$. A by-product of our investigation is a new representation of Pickands constant which is important for Monte-Carlo simulations and yields a sharp lower bound for Pickands constant.
The main objective of the paper is to study the long-time behavior of general discrete dynamics driven by an ergodic stationary Gaussian noise. In our main result, we prove existence and uniqueness of the invariant distribution and exhibit some upper-bounds on the rate of convergence to equilibrium in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the covariance function of the Gaussian noise (or equivalently to its moving average representation). Then, we apply our general results to fractional dynamics (including the Euler Scheme associated to fractional driven Stochastic Differential Equations). Whent…
We prove, using the Brascamp-Lieb inequality, that the Gaussian measure is the only strong log-concave measure having a strong log-concavity parameter equal to its covariance matrix. We also give a similar characterization of the Poisson measure in the discrete case, using "Chebyshev's other inequality". We briefly discuss how these results relate to Stein and Stein-Chen methods for Gaussian and Poisson approximation, and to the Bakry-Emery calculus.
Properties of the gradient squared of the discrete Gaussian free field
本文研究离散高斯自由场中心化梯度平方的性质，关联转移电流矩阵与相关系统，证明其重标度后收敛于白噪声，并确定k点关联函数与连续极限下的共形协变性质。
We analyze the distribution of $\sum_{i=1}^m v_i \bx_i$ where $\bx_1,...,\bx_m$ are fixed vectors from some lattice $\cL \subset \R^n$ (say $\Z^n$) and $v_1,...,v_m$ are chosen independently from a discrete Gaussian distribution over $\Z$. We show that under a natural constraint on $\bx_1,...,\bx_m$, if the $v_i$ are chosen from a wide enough Gaussian, the sum is statistically close to a discrete Gaussian over $\cL$. We also analyze the case of $\bx_1,...,\bx_m$ that are themselves chosen from a discrete Gaussian distribution (and fixed). Our results simplify and qualitatively improve upon a r…
We prove that the Airy process, A(t), locally fluctuates like a Brownian motion. In the same spirit we also show that in a certain scaling limit, the so called discrete polynuclear growth (PNG) process behaves like a Brownian motion.
In a previous paper, the authors introduced an approach to prove that the statistics of the extremes of a log-correlated Gaussian field converge to a Poisson-Dirichlet variable at the level of the Gibbs measure at low temperature and under suitable test functions. The method is based on showing that the model admits a one-step replica symmetry breaking in spin glass terminology. This implies Poisson-Dirichlet statistics by general spin glass arguments. In this note, this approach is used to prove Poisson-Dirichlet statistics for the two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field, where boundary …
Gaussian Free Field and Discrete Gaussians in Periodic Dimer Models
本文研究周期二聚体模型中高度涨落，证明其分解为高斯自由场与离散高斯边界值之和，并揭示对$N$的准周期依赖。
We consider a log-gas on a discretization of the unit circle. We prove that if the gas is not too dense, or the number of particles in the gas is not too large compared to the scale of the discretization, the absolute value of the characteristic polynomial can be described in terms of a Gaussian multiplicative chaos measure. This is done by analyzing discrete Toeplitz determinants with Fisher-Hartwig singularities. In particular, we prove that if the gas is not too dense, the classical Fisher-Hartwig conjecture holds for the discrete Toeplitz determinant as well. Our analysis suggests that if …
We prove a uniform generalized gaussian bound for the powers of a discrete convolution operator in one space dimension. Our bound is derived under the assumption that the Fourier transform of the coefficients of the convolution operator is a trigonometric rational function, which generalizes previous results that were restricted to trigonometric polynomials. We also allow the modulus of the Fourier transform to attain its maximum at finitely many points over a period.
We study a discrete analogue of the classical multivariate Gaussian distribution. It is supported on the integer lattice and is parametrized by the Riemann theta function. Over the reals, the discrete Gaussian is characterized by the property of maximizing entropy, just as its continuous counterpart. We capitalize on the theta function representation to derive statistical properties. Throughout, we exhibit strong connections to the study of abelian varieties in algebraic geometry.
The Discrete Gaussian model, II. Infinite-volume scaling limit at high temperature
该文作为离散高斯模型系列研究的第二篇，通过分析一般外场拓展了首篇的方法，证明了二维高温下零均值无穷体积梯度吉布斯态的标度极限是高斯自由场的倍数，还得到了环面介观测试函数的标度极限。
In this paper, a simplified second-order Gaussian Poincaré inequality for normal approximation of functionals over infinitely many Rademacher random variables is derived. It is based on a new bound for the Kolmogorov distance between a general Rademacher functional and a Gaussian random variable, which is established by means of the discrete Malliavin-Stein method and is of independent interest. As an application, the number of vertices with prescribed degree and the subgraph counting statistic in the Erdös-Rényi random graph are discussed. The number of vertices of fixed degree is also studie…
The Discrete Gaussian model, I. Renormalisation group flow at high temperature
本文研究二维高温下离散高斯模型的标度极限，通过单步重整化群将整值场转化为光滑场后用重整化群方法证明其环面宏观标度极限为高斯自由场的倍数，为姊妹论文奠基并给出一般有限程相互作用的精确估计以支撑未来临界温度扩展模型研究。
Central Limit Theorem for Multi-Point Functions of the 2D Discrete Gaussian Model at high temperature
本研究用重整化群方法证明高温下二维离散高斯模型两点函数的中心极限定理，方法关联多尺度聚合物展开，可推广至多点函数与sine-Gordon型格点模型。
We study operators obtained by coupling an $n \times n$ random matrix from one of the Gaussian ensembles to the discrete Laplacian. We find the joint distribution of the eigenvalues and resonances of such operators. This is one of the possible mathematical models for quantum scattering in a complex physical system with one semi-infinite lead attached.
We consider random walks on quasi one dimensional lattices, as introduced in \cite{FS}. This mathematical setting covers a large class of discrete kinetic models for non-cooperative molecular motors on periodic tracks. We derive general formulas for the asymptotic velocity and diffusion coefficient, and we show how to reduce their computation to suitable linear systems of the same degree of a single fundamental cell, with possible linear chain removals. We apply the above results to special families of kinetic models, also catching some errors in the biophysics literature.
We construct a natural discrete random field on $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$, $d\geq 5$ that converges weakly to the bi-Laplacian Gaussian field in the scaling limit. The construction is based on assigning i.i.d. Bernoulli random variables on each component of the uniform spanning forest, thus defines an associated random function. To our knowledge, this is the first natural discrete model (besides the discrete bi-Laplacian Gaussian field) that converges to the bi-Laplacian Gaussian field.
We prove that the chordal contour lines of the discrete Gaussian free field converge to forms of SLE(4). Specifically, there is a constant lambda > 0 such that when h is an interpolation of the discrete Gaussian free field on a Jordan domain -- with boundary values -lambda on one boundary arc and lambda on the complementary arc -- the zero level line of h joining the endpoints of these arcs converges to SLE(4) as the domain grows larger. If instead the boundary values are -a < 0 on the first arc and b > 0 on the complementary arc, then the convergence is to SLE(4;a/lambda-1,b/lambda-1), a vari…
We study the discrete massless Gaussian Free Field on $\Z^d$, $d\geq2$, in the presence of a disordered square-well potential supported on a finite strip around zero. The disorder is introduced by reward/penalty interaction coefficients, which are given by i.i.d. random variables. Under minimal assumptions on the law of the environment, we prove that the quenched free energy associated to this model exists in $\R^+$, is deterministic, and strictly smaller than the annealed free energy whenever the latter is strictly positive.
We derive asymptotic upper and lower bounds on the large deviation probability that the level set of the Gaussian free field on $Z^d$, d bigger or equal to three, below a given level disconnects the discrete blow-up of a compact set A from the boundary of the discrete blow-up of a box that contains A, when the level set of the Gaussian free field above this level is in a strongly percolative regime. These bounds substantially strengthen the results of arXiv:1412.3960, where A was a box and the convexity of A played an important role in the proof. We also derive an asymptotic upper bound on the…
Invisibility of the integers for the discrete Gaussian chain via a Caffarelli-Silvestre extension of the discrete fractional Laplacian
该研究通过离散分数阶拉普拉斯算子的Caffarelli-Silvestre延拓等方法，证明了长程离散高斯链的不变性原理及大尺度下的整数不可见性，突破了已有猜想并拓展了相关模型的研究范围。
Scaling limit of the discrete Gaussian free field with degenerate random conductances
针对$\boldsymbol{\text{Z}}^{d}$随机子图上遍历随机传导系数的离散高斯自由场，证明重标度场依分布收敛到连续高斯自由场，给出协方差标度极限，建立带Dirichlet边界条件的格林函数淬火局部极限定理。
We introduce and study stochastic $N$-particle ensembles which are discretizations for general-$β$ log-gases of random matrix theory. The examples include random tilings, families of non-intersecting paths, $(z,w)$-measures, etc. We prove that under technical assumptions on general analytic potential, the global fluctuations for such ensembles are asymptotically Gaussian as $N\to\infty$. The covariance is universal and coincides with its counterpart in random matrix theory. Our main tool is an appropriate discrete version of the Schwinger-Dyson (or loop) equations, which originates in the work…
Scaling limits for nonlinear functionals of the discrete Gaussian free field with degenerate random conductances
研究离散高斯自由场在具有退化随机电导的随机子图上的非线性泛函，证明在适当s>0下，缩放后的场在Sobolev空间H^{-s}(D)中收敛到连续对应物。
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