A system of fluid-dynamic-type equations and their boundary conditions derived from a system of the Boltzmann equation is of great importance in kinetic theory when we are concerned with the motion of a slightly rarefied gas. It offers an efficient alternative to solving the Boltzmann equation directly and, more importantly, provides a clear picture of the flow structure in the near-continuum regime. However, the applicability of the existing slip-flow theory is limited to the case where both the boundary shape and the kinetic boundary condition are smooth functions of the boundary coordinates, which precludes, for example, the case where the kinetic boundary condition has a jump discontinuity. In this paper, we discuss the motion of a slightly rarefied gas caused by a discontinuous wall temperature in a simple two-surface problem and illustrate how the existing theory can be extended. The discussion is based on our recent paper [Taguchi and Tsuji, J. Fluid Mech. 897, A16 (2020)] supported by some preliminary numerical results for the newly introduced kinetic boundary layer (the Knudsen zone), from which a source-sink condition for the flow velocity is derived.
We study the slippage of a gas along mobile rigid walls in the sphere-plane confined geometry and find that it varies considerably with pressure. The classical no-slip boundary condition valid at ambient pressure changes continuously to an almost perfect slip condition in a primary vacuum. Our study emphasizes the key role played by the mean free-path of the gas molecules on the interaction between a confined fluid and solid surfaces and further demonstrates that the macroscopic hydrodynamics approach can be used with confidence even in a primary vacuum environment where it is intuitively expe…
The one-dimension Russo--Smereka kinetic equation describing the propagation of nonlinear concentration waves in a rarefied bubbly fluid is considered. Reductions of the model to finite component systems are derived. Stability of the bubbly flow in terms of hyperbolicity of the kinetic equation is studied. Conservation form of the model is proposed and numerical solution of the Cauchy problem with discontinuous initial data is obtained.
We study the non-continuous correction in the dynamics of drop impact on a solid substrate. Close to impact, a thin film of gas is formed beneath the drop so that the local Knudsen number is of order one. We consider the first correction to the dynamics which consists of allowing slip of the gas along the substrate and the interface. We focus on the singular dynamics of entrapment that can be seen when surface tension and liquid viscosity can be neglected. There we show that different dynamical regimes are present that tend to lower the singularity strength. We finally suggest how these effect…
The interaction of rarefied gases with functionalized surfaces is of great importance in technical applications such as gas separation membranes and catalysis. To investigate the influence of functionalization and rarefaction on gas flow rate in a defined geometry, pressure-driven gas flow experiments with helium and carbon dioxide through plain and alkyl-functionalized microchannels are performed. The experiments cover Knudsen numbers from 0.01 to 200 and therefore the slip flow regime up to free molecular flow. To minimize the experimental uncertainty which is prevalent in micro flow experim…
An implicit high-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is developed to find steady-state solution of rarefied gas flow described by the Boltzmann equation with full collision operator. In the physical space, velocity distribution function is approximated by the piecewise polynomials of degree up to 4, while in the velocity space the fast spectral method is incorporated into the DG to evaluate the collision operator. A specific polynomial approximation for the collision operator is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of the fast spectral method by $K$ times, where for two-dimensi…
In the study of rarefied gas dynamics, the discrete velocity method (DVM) has been widely employed to solve the gas kinetic equations. Although various versions of DVM have been developed, their performance, in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, is yet to be compreheively studied in the whole flow regime. Here, the traditional third-order time-implicit Godunov DVM (GDVM) and the recently developed discrete unified gas-kinetic scheme (DUGKS) are analysed in finding steady-state solutions of the force-driven Poiseuille and lid-driven cavity flows. With the molecular collision and fr…
We present a number of exact solutions to the linearised Grad equations for non-equilibrium rarefied gas flows and heat flows. The solutions include the flow and pressure fields associated to a point force placed in a rarefied gas flow close to a no-slip boundary and the temperature field for a point heat source placed in a heat flow close to a temperature jump boundary. We also derive the solution of the unsteady Grad equations in one dimension with a time-dependent point heat source term and the Grad analogue of the rotlet, a well-known singularity of Stokes flow which corresponds to a point…
The rarefied effect of gas flow in microchannel is significant and cannot be well described by traditional hydrodynamic models. It has been know that discrete Boltzmann model (DBM) has the potential to investigate flows in a relatively wider range of Knudsen number because of its intrinsic kinetic nature inherited from Boltzmann equation. It is crucial to have a proper kinetic boundary condition for DBM to capture the velocity slip and the flow characteristics in the Knudsen layer. In this paper, we present a DBM combined with Maxwell-type boundary condition model for slip flow. The tangential…
In a recent paper by Lasseux, Valdés-Parada and Porter (J.~Fluid~Mech. \textbf{805} (2016) 118-146), it is found that the apparent gas permeability of the porous media is a nonlinear function of the Knudsen number. However, this result is highly questionable, because the adopted Navier-Stokes equations and the first-order velocity-slip boundary condition are first-order (in terms of the Knudsen number) approximations of the Boltzmann equation and the kinetic boundary condition for rarefied gas flows. Our numerical simulations based on the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook kinetic equation and regularized …
The mass flow rate of Poiseuille flow of rarefied gas through long ducts of two-dimensional cross-sections with arbitrary shape are critical in the pore-network modeling of gas transport in porous media. In this paper, for the first time, the high-order hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method is used to find the steady-state solution of the linearized Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook equation on two-dimensional triangular meshes. The velocity distribution function and its traces are approximated in the piecewise polynomial space (of degree up to 4) on the triangular meshes and the mesh skeletons…
Non-equilibrium effects play a vital role in high-speed and rarefied gas flows and the accurate simulation of these flow regimes are far beyond the capability of near-local-equilibrium Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations. Eu proposed generalized hydrodynamic equations which are consistent with the laws of irreversible thermodynamics to solve this problem. Based on Eu's generalized hydrodynamics equations, a computational model, namely the nonlinear coupled constitutive relations(NCCR),was developed by R.S.Myong and applied successfully to one-dimensional shock wave structure and two-dimensional ra…
Mixing of materials is fundamental to many natural phenomena and engineering applications. The presence of discontinuous deformations - such as shear banding or wall slip - creates new mechanisms for mixing and transport beyond those predicted by classical dynamical systems theory. Here we show how a novel mixing mechanism combining stretching with cutting and shuffling yields exponential mixing rates, quantified by a positive Lyapunov exponent, an impossibility for systems with cutting and shuffling alone or bounded systems with stretching alone, and demonstrate it in a fluid flow. While dyna…
Accelerating Kinetic Fokker-Planck Simulations via a GPU-Native Deep Neural Network Surrogate: Application to Rarefied Internal and Hypersonic External Flows
Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to produce significant drag reduction in both laminar and turbulent flows by introducing an apparent slip velocity along an air-water interface trapped within the surface roughness. In the experiments presented within this study, we demonstrate the existence of a surface tension gradient associated with the resultant Marangoni flow along an air-water interface that causes the slip velocity and slip length to be significantly reduced. In this study, the slip velocity along a millimeter-sized air-water interface was investigated experimentally. This larg…
In rarefied gases, mass and heat transport processes interfere with each other, leading to the mechano-caloric effect and thermo-osmotic effect, which are of interest to both theoretical study and practical applications. We employ the unified gas-kinetic scheme to investigate these cross coupling effects in gas flows in micro-channels. Our numerical simulations cover channels of planar surfaces and also channels of ratchet surfaces, with Onsager's reciprocal relation verified for both cases. For channels of planar surfaces, simulations are performed in a wide range of Knudsen number and our nu…
Affordable, high order simulations of turbulent flows on unstructured grids for very high Reynolds number flows require wall models for efficiency. However, different wall models have different accuracy and stability properties. Here, we develop a kinetic energy stability estimate to investigate stability of wall model boundary conditions. Using this norm, two wall models are studied, a popular equilibrium stress wall model, which is found to be unstable and the dynamic slip wall model which is found to be stable. These results are extended to the discrete case using the Summation by parts (SB…
This paper presents recent investigation results on free molecular flows over a diffusely or specularly reflective ellipse, by using the gaskinetic theory. A virtual density distribution along the a diffusely reflective surface is introduced to aid the investigations. Many local surface properties are obtained, including surface slip velocity, coefficients for pressure, friction, and heat flux. Global coefficients for aerodynamic forces and moments, mass center-force center distances, are also obtained by integrating the local surface distributions. In the end, analytical expressions for the f…
In the frame of the Boltzmann equation, wall-bounded flows of rarefied gases require the implementation of boundary conditions at the kinetic level. Such boundary conditions induce a discontinuity in the distribution function with respect to the component of the momentum which is normal to the boundary. Expanding the distribution function with respect to half-range polynomials allows this discontinuity to be captured. The implementation of this concept has been reported in the literature only for force-free flows. In the case of general forces which can have non-zero components in the directio…
Physics-Based Machine Learning Closures and Wall Models for Hypersonic Transition-Continuum Boundary Layer Predictions
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame（航空航天与机械工程系，圣约翰大学）；Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine（机械与航空航天工程系，加州大学伊维德分校）；Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford（数学研究所，牛津大学）
Boltzmann equation requires some alternative simpler kinetic model like BGK to replace the collision term. Such a kinetic model which replaces the Boltzmann collision integral should preserve the basic properties and characteristics of the Boltzmann equation and comply with the requirements of non equilibrium thermodynamics. Most of the research in development of kinetic theory based methods have focused more on entropy conditions, stability and ignored the crucial aspect of non equilibrium thermodynamics. The paper presents a new kinetic model formulated based on the principles of non equilib…
In this paper, we consider the capabilities of the Boltzmann equation with the Shakhov and ellipsoidal models for the collision term to capture the characteristics of rarefied gas flows. The benchmark is performed by comparing the results obtained using these kinetic model equations with direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) results for particles interacting via ab initio potentials. The analysis is restricted to channel flows between parallel plates and we consider three flow problems, namely: the heat transfer between stationary plates, the Couette flow and the heat transfer under shear. The …
The hydrodynamic flow field generated by self-propelled active particles and swimming microorganisms is strongly altered by the presence of nearby boundaries in a viscous flow. Using a simple model three-linked sphere swimmer, we show that the swimming trajectories near a no-slip wall reveal various scenarios of motion depending on the initial orientation and the distance separating the swimmer from the wall. We find that the swimmer can either be trapped by the wall, completely escape, or perform an oscillatory gliding motion at a constant mean height above the wall. Using a far-field approxi…
