Rubén Sánchez-Janssen, Francois Hammer, Simon Morris, Jean-Gabriel Cuby, Lex Kaper, Matthias Steinmetz, Jose Afonso, Beatriz Barbuy, Edwin Bergin, Alexis Finoguenov, Jesús Gallego, Susan Kassin, Christopher Miller, Goran Östlin, Laura Pentericci, Daniel Schaerer, Bodo Ziegler, Fanny Chemla, Gavin Dalton, Fatima De Frondat, Chris Evans, David Le Mignant, Mathieu Puech, Myriam Rodrigues, Sylvestre Taburet, Lidia Tasca, Yanbin Yang, Sandrine Zanchetta, Timothy Butterley, Jean-Marc Conan, Kjetil Dohlen, Marc Dubbeldam, Kacem El Hadi, Annemieke Janssen, Thierry Fusco, Andreas Kelz, Marie Larrieu, Ian Lewis, Caroline Lim, Mike MacIntosh, Tim Morris, Ramon Navarro, Walter Seifert
MOSAIC is the planned multi-object spectrograph for the 39m Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). Conceived as a multi-purpose instrument, it offers both high multiplex and multi-IFU capabilities at a range of intermediate to high spectral resolving powers in the visible and the near-infrared. MOSAIC will enable unique spectroscopic surveys of the faintest sources, from the oldest stars in the Galaxy and beyond to the first populations of galaxies that completed the reionisation of the Universe--while simultaneously opening up a wide discovery space. In this contribution we present the status of the instrument ahead of Phase B, showcasing the key science cases as well as introducing the updated set of top level requirements and the adopted architecture. The high readiness level will allow MOSAIC to soon enter the construction phase, with the goal to provide the ELT community with a world-class MOS capability as soon as possible after the telescope first light.
METIS for ELT: optical alignment and testing of the IFU of the LM-band spectrometer
STFC - United Kingdom Astronomy Technology Centre（英国天体物理学技术中心）；NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON（ASTRON 的 NOVA 光学红外仪器组）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）
The Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) will provide the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) with a unique window to the thermal- and mid-infrared (3 - 13 microns). Its single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) system will enable high contrast imaging and integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy (R~100,000) at the diffraction limit of the ELT. This article describes the science drivers, conceptual design, observing modes, and expected performance of METIS.
When combined with the huge collecting area of the ELT, MOSAIC will be the most effective and flexible Multi-Object Spectrograph (MOS) facility in the world, having both a high multiplex and a multi-Integral Field Unit (Multi-IFU) capability. It will be the fastest way to spectroscopically follow-up the faintest sources, probing the reionisation epoch, as well as evaluating the evolution of the dwarf mass function over most of the age of the Universe. MOSAIC will be world-leading in generating an inventory of both the dark matter (from realistic rotation curves with MOAO fed NIR IFUs) and the …
We present a discussion of the design issues and trade-offs that have been considered in putting together a new concept for MOSAIC, the multi-object spectrograph for the E-ELT. MOSAIC aims to address the combined science cases for E-ELT MOS that arose from the earlier studies of the multi-object and multi-adaptive optics instruments. MOSAIC combines the advantages of a highly-multiplexed instrument targeting single-point objects with one which has a more modest multiplex but can spatially resolve a source with high resolution (IFU). These will span across two wavebands: visible and near-infrar…
Athena is a space-based X-ray observatory intended for exploration of the hot and energetic universe. One of the science instruments on Athena will be the X-ray Integrated Field Unit (X-IFU), which is a cryogenic X-ray spectrometer, based on a large cryogenic imaging array of Transition Edge Sensors (TES) based microcalorimeters operating at a temperature of 100mK. The imaging array consists of 3800 pixels providing 2.5 eV spectral resolution, and covers a field of view with a diameter of of 5 arc minutes. Multiplexed readout of the cryogenic microcalorimeter array is essential to comply with …
RISTRETTO is a visible high-resolution spectrograph fed by an extreme adaptive optics (XAO) system, to be proposed as a visitor instrument on ESO VLT. The main science goal of RISTRETTO is the detection and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets in reflected light, in particular the temperate rocky planet Proxima b. RISTRETTO will be able to measure albedos and detect atmospheric features in a number of exoplanets orbiting nearby stars for the first time. It will do so by combining a high-contrast AO system working at the diffraction limit of the telescope to a high-resolution spectrograph…
Building on the comprehensive White Paper on the scientific case for multi-object spectroscopy on the European ELT, we present the top-level instrument requirements that are being used in the Phase A design study of the MOSAIC concept. The assembled cases span the full range of E-ELT science and generally require either 'high multiplex' or 'high definition' observations to best exploit the excellent sensitivity and spatial performance of the telescope. We highlight some of the science studies that are now being used in trade-off studies to inform the capabilities of MOSAIC and its technical de…
EAGLE is a Phase A study of a multi-IFU, near-IR spectrometer for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). The design employs wide-field adaptive optics to deliver excellent image quality across a large (38.5 arcmin sq.) field. When combined with the light grasp of the E-ELT, EAGLE will be a unique and efficient facility for spatially-resolved, spectroscopic surveys of high-redshift galaxies and resolved stellar populations. Following a brief overview of the science case, here we summarise the functional and performance requirements that flow-down from it, provide illustrative performan…
Hector will be the new massively-multiplexed integral field spectroscopy (IFS) instrument for the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) in Australia and the next main dark-time instrument for the observatory. Based on the success of the SAMI instrument, which is undertaking a 3400-galaxy survey, the integral field unit (IFU) imaging fibre bundle (hexabundle) technology under-pinning SAMI is being improved to a new innovative design for Hector. The distribution of hexabundle angular sizes is matched to the galaxy survey properties in order to image 90% of galaxies out to 2 effective radii. 50-100 of…
The powerful combination of the cutting-edge multi-object spectrograph MOSAIC with the world largest telescope, the ELT, will allow us to probe deeper into the Universe than was possible. MOSAIC is an extremely efficient instrument in providing spectra for the numerous faint sources in the Universe, including the very first galaxies and sources of cosmic reionization. MOSAIC has a high multiplex in the NIR and in the VIS, in addition to multi-Integral Field Units (Multi-IFUs) in NIR. As such it is perfectly suited to carry out an inventory of dark matter (from rotation curves) and baryons in t…
This White Paper presents the scientific motivations for a multi-object spectrograph (MOS) on the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). The MOS case draws on all fields of contemporary astronomy, from extra-solar planets, to the study of the halo of the Milky Way and its satellites, and from resolved stellar populations in nearby galaxies out to observations of the earliest 'first-light' structures in the partially-reionised Universe. The material presented here results from thorough discussions within the community over the past four years, building on the past competitive studies to ag…
The EAGLE and EVE Phase A studies for instruments for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) originated from related top-level scientific questions, but employed different (yet complementary) methods to deliver the required observations. We re-examine the motivations for a multi-object spectrograph (MOS) on the E-ELT and present a unified set of requirements for a versatile instrument. Such a MOS would exploit the excellent spatial resolution in the near-infrared envisaged for EAGLE, combined with aspects of the spectral coverage and large multiplex of EVE. We briefly discuss the top-l…
SHARP -- A spectrograph proposal to fully exploit ELT capabilities and look beyond JWST
INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布拉拉天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova（意大利国家天体物理研究所帕多瓦天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）；Universita’ degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata（罗马第二大学）；INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔菲天文台）；INAF - IASF（意大利国家天体物理研究所星际介质与天体物理研究所）；INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio（意大利国家天体物理研究所天体物理学与空间科学观测站）；INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia（意大利国家天体物理研究所射电天文研究所）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte（意大利国家天体物理研究所卡波迪蒙特天文台）
We present the consolidated scientific case for multi-object spectroscopy with the MOSAIC concept on the European ELT. The cases span the full range of ELT science and require either 'high multiplex' or 'high definition' observations to best exploit the excellent sensitivity and wide field-of-view of the telescope. Following scientific prioritisation by the Science Team during the recent Phase A study of the MOSAIC concept, we highlight four key surveys designed for the instrument using detailed simulations of its scientific performance. We discuss future ways to optimise the conceptual design…
There are 8000 galaxies, including 1600 at z larger than 1.6, which could be simultaneously observed in an E-ELT field of view of 40 sq. arcmin. A considerable fraction of astrophysical discoveries require large statistical samples, which can only be obtained with multi-object spectrographs (MOS). MOSAIC will provide a vast discovery space, enabled by a multiplex of 200 and spectral resolving powers of R=5000 and 20000. MOSAIC will also offer the unique capability of more than 10 "high-definition" (multi-object adaptive optics, MOAO) integral-field units, optimised to investigate the physics o…
The EAGLE instrument for the E-ELT is a multi-IFU spectrograph, that uses a MOAO system for wavefront correction of interesting lines of sight. We present a Monte-Carlo AO simulation package that has been used to model the performace of EAGLE, and provide results, including comparisons with an analytical code. These results include an investigation of the performance of compressed reconstructor representations that have the potential to significantly reduce the complexity of a real-time control system when implemented.
HIRES will be the high-resolution spectrograph of the European Extremely Large Telescope at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. It consists of three fibre-fed spectrographs providing a wavelength coverage of 0.4-1.8 mic (goal 0.35-1.8 mic) at a spectral resolution of ~100,000. The fibre-feeding allows HIRES to have several, interchangeable observing modes including a SCAO module and a small diffraction-limited IFU in the NIR. Therefore, it will be able to operate both in seeing and diffraction-limited modes. ELT-HIRES has a wide range of science cases spanning nearly all areas of research i…
As telescope apertures increase, the challenge of scaling spectrographic astronomical instruments becomes acute. The next generation of extremely large telescopes (ELTs) strain the availability of glass blanks for optics and engineering to provide sufficient mechanical stability. While breaking the relationship between telescope diameter and instrument pupil size by adaptive optics is a clear path for small fields of view, survey instruments exploiting multiplex advantages will be pressed to find cost-effective solutions. In this review we argue that exploiting the full potential of ELTs will …
The Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics (Athena) has been selected by ESA as its second large-class mission. The future European X-ray observatory will study the hot and energetic Universe with its launch foreseen in 2028. Microcalorimeters based on superconducting Transition-edge sensor (TES) are the chosen technology for the detectors array of the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on board of Athena. The X-IFU is a 2-D imaging integral-field spectrometer operating in the soft X-ray band (0.3 -12 keV). The detector consists of an array of 3840 TESs coupled to X-ray absorbers and r…
The OPTIMOS-EVE instrument proposed for the E-ELT aims to use the maximum field of view available to the E-ELT in the limit of natural or ground-layer-corrected seeing for high multiplex fibre-fed multi-object spectroscopy in the visible and near-IR. At the bare nasmyth focus of the telescope, this field corresponds to a focal plane 2.3m in diameter, with a plate-scale of ~3mm/arcsec. The required positioning accuracy that is implied by seeing limited performance at this plate-scale brings the system into the range of performances of commercial off-the-shelf robots that are commonly used in in…
One of the main science goal of the future European Extremely Large Telescope will be to understand the mass assembly process in galaxies as a function of cosmic time. To this aim, a multi-object, AO-assisted integral field spectrograph will be required to map the physical and chemical properties of very distant galaxies. In this paper, we examine the ability of such an instrument to obtain spatially resolved spectroscopy of a large sample of massive (0.1<Mstellar<5e11Mo) galaxies at 2<z<6, selected from future large area optical-near IR surveys. We produced a set of about one thousand numeric…
ANDES, the high-resolution spectrograph of the ELT: simulated performance of the CORO module and overview of the high-contrast capabilities for exoplanet observations
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange（蔚蓝海岸大学，蔚蓝海岸天文台，法国国家科学研究中心，拉格朗日实验室）；Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University（隆德大学，物理系，天体物理学部，隆德天文台）；INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri（意大利国家天体物理研究所，阿切特里天文台）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Instituto de Astronomía, Univ. Nacional Autónoma de México（墨西哥国立自治大学，天文研究所）；LUPM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS（蒙彼利埃大学，法国国家科学研究中心，LUPM实验室）；Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学，法国国家科学研究中心，IPAG实验室）；INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所，布雷拉天文台）；Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM（艾克斯马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家空间研究中心，LAM实验室）；INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste（意大利国家天体物理研究所，的里雅斯特天文台）
介绍了 ANDES 高分辨率光谱仪日冕仪模块，其能结合高对比度成像与高色散光谱学研究系外行星特性，详细阐述设计、特征及模拟性能，展示初步模拟结果并讨论表征操作，以评估其对系外行星大气特征的探测能力。
Inflight performance and future improvements for the INtegral Field Ultraviolet Spectrographic Experiment, the first far ultraviolet integral field spectrograph
University of Colorado, Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Canon, Inc.（佳能株式会社）
We present simulated observations of gas kinematics in galaxies formed in 10 pc resolution cosmological simulations with the hydrodynamical + N-body code RAMSES, using the new RAMSES2HSIM pipeline with the simulated observing pipeline (HSIM) for the ELT HARMONI IFU spectrograph. We post-process the galaxy's gas kinematics and Hα line emission for each simulation cell, and integrate the emission to produce an extinction-corrected input cube. We then simulate observations of the input cube with HARMONI, for a range of exposure times, spatial sampling, and spectral resolution. We analyze the mock…
Building on the experience of the high-resolution community with the suite of VLT high-resolution spectrographs, which has been tremendously successful, we outline here the (science) case for a high-fidelity, high-resolution spectrograph with wide wavelength coverage at the E-ELT. Flagship science drivers include: the study of exo-planetary atmospheres with the prospect of the detection of signatures of life on rocky planets; the chemical composition of planetary debris on the surface of white dwarfs; the spectroscopic study of protoplanetary and proto-stellar disks; the extension of Galactic …
Over the past 18 months we have revisited the science requirements for a multi-object spectrograph (MOS) for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). These efforts span the full range of E-ELT science and include input from a broad cross-section of astronomers across the ESO partner countries. In this contribution we summarise the key cases relating to studies of high-redshift galaxies, galaxy evolution, and stellar populations, with a more expansive presentation of a new case relating to detection of exoplanets in stellar clusters. A general requirement is the need for two observationa…
High-multiplex and deep spectroscopic follow-up of upcoming panoramic deep-imaging surveys like LSST, Euclid, and WFIRST is a widely recognized and increasingly urgent necessity. No current or planned facility at a U.S. observatory meets the sensitivity, multiplex, and rapid-response time needed to exploit these future datasets. FOBOS, the Fiber-Optic Broadband Optical Spectrograph, is a near-term fiber-based facility that addresses these spectroscopic needs by optimizing depth over area and exploiting the aperture advantage of the existing 10m Keck II Telescope. The result is an instrument wi…
MARCOT Pathfinder is a precursor for MARCOT (Multi Array of Combined Telescopes) at Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA) in Spain. MARCOT is intended to provide CARMENES, currently fiber-fed from the CAHA 3.5m Telescope, with a 5-15m light collecting area from a battery of several tens of small telescopes that are incoherently fed into the final joint single fiber feed of the spectrograph. The modular concept, based on commercially available telescopes, results in cost estimates that are a fraction of the ones for extremely large telescopes (ELT). As a novel approach, MARCOT will employ Multi-Mode Ph…
(Abridged) We consider the scientific case for a large aperture (10-12m class) optical spectroscopic survey telescope with a field of view comparable to that of LSST. Such a facility could enable transformational progress in several areas of astrophysics, and may constitute an unmatched capability for decades. Deep imaging from LSST and Euclid will provide accurate photometry for spectroscopic targets beyond the reach of 4m class instruments. Such a facility would revolutionise our understanding of the assembly and enrichment history of the Milky Way and the role of dark matter through chemo-d…
We recommend a conceptual design study for a spectroscopic facility in the southern hemisphere comprising a large diameter telescope, fiber system, and spectrographs collectively optimized for massively-multiplexed spectroscopy. As a baseline, we propose an 11.4-meter aperture, optical spectroscopic survey telescope with a five square degree field of view. Using current technologies, the facility could be equipped with 15,000 robotically-controlled fibers feeding spectrographs over 360<lambda<1330 nm with options for fiber-fed spectrographs at high resolution and a panoramic IFU at a separate …
The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer of the ESA Athena X-ray observatory. Over a field of view of 5' equivalent diameter, it will deliver X-ray spectra from 0.2 to 12 keV with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV up to 7 keV on ~5 arcsecond pixels. The X-IFU is based on a large format array of super-conducting molybdenum-gold Transition Edge Sensors cooled at about 90 mK, each coupled with an absorber made of gold and bismuth with a pitch of 249 microns. A cryogenic anti-coincidence detector located underneath the prime TES array enables the non X-ray back…
Wide-field multi-object spectroscopy is a high priority for European astronomy over the next decade. Most 8-10m telescopes have a small field of view, making 4-m class telescopes a particularly attractive option for wide-field instruments. We present a science case and design drivers for a wide-field multi-object spectrograph (MOS) with integral field units for the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) on La Palma. The instrument intends to take advantage of a future prime-focus corrector and atmospheric-dispersion corrector that will deliver a field of view 2 deg in diameter, with good throu…
