Holographic MIMO is a spatially-constrained MIMO system with a massive number of antennas, possibly thought of, in its ultimate form, as a spatially-continuous electromagnetic aperture. Accurate and tractable channel modeling is critical to understanding the full potential of this technology. This paper considers arbitrary spatially-stationary scattering and provides a 4D plane-wave representation in Cartesian coordinates, which captures the essence of electromagnetic propagation and allows to evaluate the capacity of Holographic MIMO systems with rectangular volumetric arrays. The developed framework generalizes the virtual channel representation, which was originally developed for uniform linear arrays.
In this paper, the channel of an indoor holographic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system is measured. It is demonstrated through experiments for the first time that the spatial oversampling of holographic MIMO systems is able to increase the capacity of a wireless communication system significantly. However, the antenna efficiency is the most crucial challenge preventing us from getting the capacity improvement. An extended EM-compliant channel model is also proposed for holographic MIMO systems, which is able to take the non-isotropic characteristics of the propagation environment, th…
Recently, the concept of holographic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is emerging as one of the promising technologies beyond massive MIMO. Many challenges need to be addressed to bring this novel idea into practice, including electromagnetic (EM)-compliant channel modeling and accurate performance evaluation. In this paper, an EM-compliant channel model is proposed for the holographic MIMO systems, which is able to model both the characteristics of the propagation channel and the non-ideal factors caused by mutual coupling at the transceivers, including the antenna pattern distortion and…
We propose a holographic version of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and investigate its application to terahertz (THz) massive multiple-input multiple-output systems. Capitalizing on the miniaturization of THz electronic components, RISs can be implemented by densely packing sub-wavelength unit cells, so as to realize continuous or quasi-continuous apertures and to enable holographic communications. In this paper, in particular, we derive the beam pattern of a holographic RIS. Our analysis reveals that the beam pattern of an ideal holographic RIS can be well approximated by that of …
Holographic massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), in which a spatially continuous surface is being used for signal transmission and reception, have emerged as a promising solution for improving the coverage and data rate of wireless communication systems. To realize these objectives, the acquisition of accurate channel state information in holographic massive MIMO systems is crucial. In this paper, we propose a channel estimation scheme based on a parametric physical channel model for line-of-sight (LoS) dominated communication in millimeter and terahertz wave bands. The proposed chan…
In a realistic wireless environment, the multi-antenna channel usually exhibits spatially correlation fading. This is more emphasized when a large number of antennas is densely deployed, known as holographic massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output). In the first part of this letter, we develop a channel model for holographic massive MIMO by considering both non-isotropic scattering and directive antennas. With a large number of antennas, it is difficult to obtain full knowledge of the spatial correlation matrix. In this case, channel estimation is conventionally done using the least-squar…
Holographic multiple-input multiple-output (H-MIMO) is considered as one of the most promising technologies to enable future wireless communications in supporting the expected extreme requirements, such as high energy and spectral efficiency. Empowered by the powerful capability in electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulations, H-MIMO has the potential to reach the fundamental limit of the wireless environment, and opens up the possibility of signal processing in the EM-domain, which needs to be depicted carefully from an EM perspective, especially the wireless channel. To this aim, we study the lin…
Imagine a MIMO communication system that fully exploits the propagation characteristics offered by an electromagnetic channel and ultimately approaches the limits imposed by wireless communications. This is the concept of Holographic MIMO communications. Accurate and tractable channel modeling is critical to understanding its full potential. Classical stochastic models used by communications theorists are derived under the electromagnetic far-field assumption, i.e. planar wave approximation over the array. However, such assumption breaks down when electromagnetically large (compared to the wav…
In this paper, we study surface-based communication systems based on different levels of channel state information for system optimization. We analyze the system performance in terms of rate and degrees of freedom (DoF). We show that the deployment of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) results in increasing the number of DoF, by extending the near-field region. Over Rician fading channels, we show that an RIS can be efficiently optimized only based on the positions of the transmitting and receiving surfaces, while providing good performance if the Rician fading factor is not too small.
Holographic Multiple Input Multiple Output (HMIMO), which integrates massive antenna elements into a compact space to achieve a spatially continuous aperture, plays an important role in future wireless networks. With numerous antenna elements, it is hard to implement the HMIMO via phased arrays due to unacceptable power consumption. To address this issue, reconfigurable refractive surface (RRS) is an energy efficient enabler of HMIMO since the surface is free of expensive phase shifters. Unlike traditional metasurfaces working as passive relays, the RRS is used as transmit antennas, where the …
The holographic multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications refer to the MIMO systems built with ultra-dense antenna arrays, whose channel models and potential applications have attracted increasing attentions recently. When the spacing between adjacent array elements is larger than half wavelength, the effect of mutual coupling can generally be neglected in current antenna designs. However, in holographic MIMO communications, the influence of strong mutual coupling on antenna characteristics is inevitable, resulting in distorted radiation patterns and low radiation efficiencies. In t…
Holographic MIMO-assisted Multiuser Transmission with Electromagnetic Exposure Constraints
National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University（东南大学移动通信国家重点实验室）；Purple Mountain Laboratories（紫金山实验室）；GIC & 6GIC, Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey（萨里大学通信系统研究所5GIC与6GIC）
Imagine an array with a massive (possibly uncountably infinite) number of antennas in a compact space. We refer to a system of this sort as Holographic MIMO. Given the impressive properties of Massive MIMO, one might expect a holographic array to realize extreme spatial resolution, incredible energy efficiency, and unprecedented spectral efficiency. At present, however, its fundamental limits have not been conclusively established. A major challenge for the analysis and understanding of such a paradigm shift is the lack of mathematically tractable and numerically reproducible channel models th…
Starting from first principles of wave propagation, we consider a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) representation of a communication system between two spatially-continuous volumes. This is the concept of holographic MIMO communications. The analysis takes into account the electromagnetic interference, generated by external sources, and the constraint on the physical radiated power. The electromagnetic MIMO model is particularized for a pair of parallel line segments in line-of-sight conditions. Inspired by orthogonal-frequency division-multiplexing, we assume that the spatially-continuou…
We consider spatially-constrained apertures of rectangular symmetry and aim to retrieve the limit to the average number of spatial degrees of freedom (DoF), obtained elsewhere through different analyses and tools. Unlike prior works, we use the Fourier plane-wave series expansion, recently introduced in [1], where a statistical model for the small-scale fading in the far-field is developed on the basis of a continuous-space and physics-based orthonormal expansion over the Cartesian spatial Fourier basis. This expansion yields a set of statistically independent random coefficients whose cardina…
This paper studies the exploitation of triple polarization (TP) for multi-user (MU) holographic multiple-input multiple-output surface (HMIMOS) wireless communication systems, aiming at capacity boosting without enlarging the antenna array size. We specifically consider that both the transmitter and receiver are equipped with an HMIMOS comprising compact sub-wavelength TP patch antennas. To characterize TP MUHMIMOS systems, a TP near-field channel model is proposed using the dyadic Green's function, whose characteristics are leveraged to design a user-cluster-based precoding scheme for mitigat…
The multi-user Holographic Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output Surface (MU-HMIMOS) paradigm, which is capable of realizing large continuous apertures with minimal power consumption, has been recently considered as an energyefficient solution for future wireless networks, offering increased flexibility in impacting electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation according to the desired communication, localization, and sensing objectives. The tractable channel modeling in MU-HMIMOS wireless systems is one of the most critical research challenges, mainly due to the coupling effect induced by the excessivel…
This paper considers the channel estimation problem for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems that use one-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Previous channel estimation techniques for massive MIMO using one-bit ADCs are all based on single-shot estimation without exploiting the inherent temporal correlation in wireless channels. In this paper, we propose an adaptive channel estimation technique taking the spatial and temporal correlations into account for massive MIMO with one-bit ADCs. We first use the Bussgang decomposition to linearize the one-bit quantized received s…
Continuous Wavefront Design via Virtual Point Sources: A Holographic Paradigm for Near-Field XL-MIMO
Tongji University（同济大学）；Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University（同济大学上海智能科学与技术研究院）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；University of Macau（澳门大学）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute（上海人工智能实验室）
