Paths of given length in tournaments

Path decompositions of tournaments

In 1976, Alspach, Mason, and Pullman conjectured that any tournament $T$ of even order can be decomposed into exactly ${\rm ex}(T)$ paths, where ${\rm ex}(T):= \frac{1}{2}\sum_{v\in V(T)}|d_T^+(v)-d_T^-(v)|$. We prove this conjecture for all sufficiently large tournaments. We also prove an asymptotically optimal result for tournaments of odd order.

Monochromatic paths in random tournaments

We prove that, with high probability, any $2$-edge-colouring of a random tournament on $n$ vertices contains a monochromatic path of length $Ω(n / \sqrt{\log n})$. This resolves a conjecture of Ben-Eliezer, Krivelevich and Sudakov and implies a nearly tight upper bound on the oriented size Ramsey number of a directed path.

A note on long powers of paths in tournaments

A square of a path on $k$ vertices is a directed path $x_1\ldots x_k$, where $x_i$ is directed to $x_{i+2}$, for every $i\in \{1,\ldots, k-1\}$. Recently, Yuster showed that any tournament on $n$ vertices contains a square of a path of length at least $n^{0.295}$. In this short note, we improve this bound. More precisely, we show that for every $\varepsilon>0$, there exists $c_{\varepsilon}>0$ such that any tournament on $n$ vertices contains a square of a path on at least $c_{\varepsilon}n^{1-\varepsilon}$ vertices.

Kernels by rainbow paths in arc-colored tournaments

For an arc-colored digraph $D$, define its {\em kernel by rainbow paths} to be a set $S$ of vertices such that (i) no two vertices of $S$ are connected by a rainbow path in $D$, and (ii) every vertex outside $S$ can reach $S$ by a rainbow path in $D$. In this paper, we show that it is NP-complete to decide whether an arc-colored tournament has a kernel by rainbow paths, where a {\em tournament} is an orientation of a complete graph. In addition, we show that every arc-colored $n$-vertex tournament with all its strongly connected $k$-vertex subtournaments, $3\leq k\leq n$, colored with at least…

Powers of paths and cycles in tournaments

We show that for every positive integer $k$, any tournament can be partitioned into at most $2^{ck}$ $k$-th powers of paths. This result is tight up to the exponential constant. Moreover, we prove that for every $\varepsilon>0$ and every integer $k$, any tournament on $n\ge \varepsilon^{-Ck}$ vertices which is $\varepsilon$-far from being transitive contains the $k$-th power of a cycle of length $Ω(\varepsilon n)$; both bounds are tight up to the implied constants.

竞赛中的定向哈密顿路径：弧删除下的稳定性

Oriented Hamiltonian Paths in Tournaments: Stability under Arc Deletion

本文研究了竞赛中定向哈密顿路径在任意弧删除下的稳定性，证明了除特定例外外，删除任意一个弧后仍能保持所有定向哈密顿路径的存在。

A Note on Powers of Paths in Tournaments

In this note we show that every tournament on $n$ vertices contains the $k$-th power of a directed path of length $n/2^{6k+7}$, which improves upon the recent bound of Scott and Korándi of $n/2^{2^{3k}}$. By doing so, we get an inverse exponential dependence on $k$, which is best possible as Yuster recently showed an upper bound of $kn/{2^{k/2}}$.

Vertex-disjoint directed cycles of prescribed length in tournaments with given minimum out-degree

The Bermond-Thomassen conjecture states that, for any positive integer $r$, a digraph of minimum out-degree at least $2r-1$ contains at least $r$ vertex-disjoint directed cycles. In 2014, Bang-Jensen, Bessy and Thomass\' e proved the conjecture for tournaments. In 2010, Lichiardopol conjectured that a tournament $T$ with minimum out-degree at least $(q-1)r-1$ contains at least $r$ vertex-disjoint $q$-cycles, where integer $q\geq3$ and $r\geq1$. In this paper, we address Lichiardopol's conjecture affirmatively. In particular, the case $q=3$ implies Bermond-Thomassen conjecture for tournaments.

Powers of paths in tournaments

In this short note we prove that every tournament contains the $k$-th power of a directed path of linear length. This improves upon recent results of Yuster and of Girão. We also give a complete solution for this problem when $k=2$, showing that there is always a square of a directed path of length $\lceil 2n/3 \rceil-1$, which is best possible.

Paths with many shortcuts in tournaments

A shortcut of a directed path $v_1 v_2 \cdots v_n$ is an edge $v_iv_j$ with $j > i+1$. If $j = i+2$ the shortcut is called a hop. If all hops are present, the path is called hop complete, so the path and its hops form a square of a path. We prove that every tournament with $n \ge 4$ vertices has a Hamiltonian path with at least $(4n-10)/7$ hops, and has a hop complete path of order at least $n^{0.295}$. A spanning binary tree of a tournament is a spanning shortcut tree if for every vertex of the tree, all its left descendants are in-neighbors and all its right descendants are out-neighbors. It…

方向翻转次数少的定向路径是竞赛图反Sidorenko的

Oriented Paths with Few Direction Flips Are Tournament Anti-Sidorenko

本文证明对任意非负整数r，长度至少1665r+1454且含r个方向翻转的定向路径均为竞赛图反Sidorenko，推广了已有结果。

Cycles of a given length in tournaments

We study the asymptotic behavior of the maximum number of directed cycles of a given length in a tournament: let $c(\ell)$ be the limit of the ratio of the maximum number of cycles of length $\ell$ in an $n$-vertex tournament and the expected number of cycles of length $\ell$ in the random $n$-vertex tournament, when $n$ tends to infinity. It is well-known that $c(3)=1$ and $c(4)=4/3$. We show that $c(\ell)=1$ if and only if $\ell$ is not divisible by four, which settles a conjecture of Bartley and Day. If $\ell$ is divisible by four, we show that $1+2\cdot\left(2/π\right)^{\ell}\le c(\ell)\le…

关于缺失两颗星或不相交路径的竞赛图的第二邻域猜想

About the second neighborhood conjecture for tournaments missing two stars or disjoint paths

本文针对 Seymour 第二邻域猜想，证明了缺失两颗星的竞赛图满足该猜想，并研究了缺失不相交路径（尤其是长度为 2 的路径）的竞赛图，在某些情形下还证明了至少存在两个具有第二邻域性质的顶点。

Disjoint paths in tournaments

Given $k$ pairs of vertices $(s_i,t_i)$, $1\le i\le k$, of a digraph $G$, how can we test whether there exist $k$ vertex-disjoint directed paths from $s_i$ to $t_i$ for $1\le i\le k$? This is NP-complete in general digraphs, even for $k = 2$, but for $k=2$ there is a polynomial-time algorithm when $G$ is a tournament (or more generally, a semicomplete digraph), due to Bang-Jensen and Thomassen. Here we prove that for all fixed $k$ there is a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem when $G$ is semicomplete.

King-serf duo by monochromatic paths in k-edge-coloured tournaments

An open conjecture of Erdős states that for every positive integer $k$ there is a (least) positive integer $f(k)$ so that whenever a tournament has its edges colored with $k$ colors, there exists a set $S$ of at most $f(k)$ vertices so that every vertex has a monochromatic path to some point in $S$. We consider a related question and show that for every (finite or infinite) cardinal $κ>0$ there is a cardinal $ λ_κ$ such that in every $κ$-edge-coloured tournament there exist disjoint vertex sets $K,S$ with total size at most $ λ_κ$ so that every vertex $ v $ has a monochromatic path of length a…

避免颜色的有向路径在竞赛图中

Color-avoiding directed paths in tournaments

研究竞赛图中避免特定颜色的有向路径长度，证明在特定条件下存在较长的避免颜色路径。

竞赛图中长度不同的顶点不交圈

Vertex-disjoint cycles of different lengths in tournaments

本研究围绕竞赛图中不同长度顶点不交圈的猜想展开，证明当k≥5时最小出度≥2k-1的竞赛图含k个顶点不交圈且其中3个长度不同，还证实最小出度≥6的竞赛图含3个不同长度的顶点不交圈且条件紧，解答了Chen与Chang的问题。

Generalized Balanced Tournament Packings and Optimal Equitable Symbol Weight Codes for Power Line Communications

Generalized balance tournament packings (GBTPs) extend the concept of generalized balanced tournament designs introduced by Lamken and Vanstone (1989). In this paper, we establish the connection between GBTPs and a class of codes called equitable symbol weight codes. The latter were recently demonstrated to optimize the performance against narrowband noise in a general coded modulation scheme for power line communications. By constructing classes of GBTPs, we establish infinite families of optimal equitable symbol weight codes with code lengths greater than alphabet size and whose narrowband n…

Proof of a tournament partition conjecture and an application to 1-factors with prescribed cycle lengths

In 1982 Thomassen asked whether there exists an integer f(k,t) such that every strongly f(k,t)-connected tournament T admits a partition of its vertex set into t vertex classes V_1,...,V_t such that for all i the subtournament T[V_i] induced on T by V_i is strongly k-connected. Our main result implies an affirmative answer to this question. In particular we show that f(k,t) = O(k^7 t^4) suffices. As another application of our main result we give an affirmative answer to a question of Song as to whether, for any integer t, there exists an integer h(t) such that every strongly h(t)-connected tou…

路径可扩展竞赛图

Path Extendable Tournaments

本文研究竞赛图的路径可扩展性，证明了基于不规则度 $i(T)$ 和长度为2路径最小数量 $\pi_2(T)$ 的两个充分条件，并推导出几乎所有随机竞赛图均路径可扩展。

Disjoint paths in unions of tournaments

Given $k$ pairs of vertices $(s_i,t_i)\;(1\le i\le k)$ of a digraph $G$, how can we test whether there exist vertex-disjoint directed paths from $s_i$ to $t_i$ for $1\le i\le k$? This is NP-complete in general digraphs, even for $k = 2$, but in an earlier paper we proved that for all fixed $k$, there is a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem if $G$ is a tournament (or more generally, a semicomplete digraph). Here we prove that for all fixed $k$ there is a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem when $V(G)$ is partitioned into a bounded number of sets each inducing a semicomple…

1-color-avoiding paths, special tournaments, and incidence geometry

We discuss two approaches to a recent question of Loh: must a 3-colored transitive tournament on $N$ vertices have a 1-color-\emph{avoiding} path of vertex-length at least $N^{2/3}$? This question generalizes the Erdős--Szekeres theorem on monotone subsequences. First, we define three canonical transformations on these tournaments called Color, Record, and Dual. We use these to establish a reduction to special tournaments with natural geometric and combinatorial properties. In many cases (including all known tight examples), these tournaments have recursive Gallai decompositions. Not all relev…

关于树的对抗Sidorenko定向

On Tournament Anti-Sidorenko Orientations of Trees

研究树的对抗Sidorenko定向，证明路径和蜘蛛的定向条件，解决猜想并提供证据支持其他猜想。

路径反转竞赛图的逆序数：解决贝尔克希内、布阿齐兹、布达布斯和普泽的一个猜想

The inversion number of a path-reversed tournament: Resolving a conjecture of Belkhechine, Bouaziz, Boudabbous, and Pouzet

本文解决了关于路径反转竞赛图逆序数的猜想，该竞赛图由自然传递竞赛图反转特定连续对得到，猜想自然路径反转族的逆序数为\(\left\lfloor(n - 1)/2\right\rfloor\)，通过相关研究得出了结论。

有向Hamilton环和路径的前向弧最大化在竞赛图的推广中的研究

Forward Arc Maximization for Hamilton Oriented Cycles and Paths in Generalizations of Tournaments

本文研究了竞赛图推广中有向Hamilton环和路径中前向弧最大数量的问题，提出了多项式时间算法，并揭示了某些推广中的NP难性。

On 1-factors with prescribed lengths in tournaments

Kühn, Osthus, and Townsend asked whether there exists a constant $C$ such that every strongly $Ct$-connected tournament contains all possible $1$-factors with at most $t$ components. We answer this question in the affirmative. This is best possible up to constant. In addition, we can ensure that each cycle in the $1$-factor contains a prescribed vertex. Indeed, we derive this result from a more general result on partitioning digraphs which are close to semicomplete. More precisely, we prove that there exists a constant $C$ such that for any $k\geq 1$, if a strongly $Ck^4t$-connected digraph $D…

Every $(13k-6)$-strong tournament with minimum out-degree at least $28k-13$ is $k$-linked

A digraph $D$ is $k$-linked if it satisfies that for every choice of disjoint sets $\{x_1,\ldots{},x_k\}$ and $\{y_1,\ldots{},y_k\}$ of vertices of $D$ there are vertex disjoint paths $P_1,\ldots{},P_k$ such that $P_i$ is an $(x_i,y_i)$-path. Confirming a conjecture by Kühn et al, Pokrovskiy proved in 2015 that every $452k$-strong tournament is $k$-linked and asked for a better linear bound. Very recently Meng et al proved that every $(40k-31)$-strong tournament is $k$-linked. In this note we use an important lemma from their paper to give a short proof that every $(13k-6)$-strong tournament o…

（随机）竞赛图中的路径单色有界深度根树

Path-monochromatic bounded depth rooted trees in (random) tournaments

本文研究竞赛图任意边着色中路径单色根树的保证规模，确定一般及有界深度情形的极值，并分析随机竞赛图中的典型值。

Hamiltonicity in infinite tournaments

We prove that for all countable tournaments $D$ the recently discovered compactification $|D|$ by their ends and limit edges contains a topological Hamilton path: a topological arc that contains every vertex. If $D$ is strongly connected, then $|D|$ contains a topological Hamilton circle. These results extend well-known theorems about finite tournaments, which we show do not extend to the infinite in a purely combinatorial setting.

有向图的无环双着色：路径、随机锦标赛与临界阶

Acyclic Dicolourings of Oriented Graphs: Paths, Random Tournaments, and Critical Orders

本文研究有向图的无环双着色，证明Gallai-Roy型上界，将随机锦标赛的无环双色数下界改进两倍，并确定最小阶$m(3)=5$、$m(4)=7$及其锦标赛见证者。

锦标赛中的横贯圈与横贯路径

Transversal cycles and paths in tournaments

本文在锦标赛中建立横贯哈密顿圈和路径的存在性定理，推广了Thomason经典结果，并给出其新证明。

Common kings of a chain of cycles in a strong tournament

It is known that every strong tournament has directed cycles of any length, and thereby strong subtournaments of any size. In this note, we prove that they also can share a common vertex which is a king of all of them. This common vertex can be any king in the whole tournament. Further, the Hamiltonian cycles in them can be recursively constructed by inserting an additional vertex to one directed edge.

Complementary cycles of any length in regular bipartite tournaments

Let $D$ be a $k$-regular bipartite tournament on $n$ vertices. We show that, for every $p$ with $2 \le p \le n/2-2$, $D$ has a cycle $C$ of length $2p$ such that $D \setminus C$ is hamiltonian unless $D$ is isomorphic to the special digraph $F_{4k}$. This statement was conjectured by Manoussakis, Song and Zhang [K. Zhang, Y. Manoussakis, and Z. Song. Complementary cycles containing a fixed arc in diregular bipartite tournaments. Discrete Mathematics, 133(1-3):325--328,1994]. In the same paper, the conjecture was proved for $p=2$ and more recently Bai, Li and He gave a proof for $p=3$ [Y. Bai, …

tournaments 中的新 Sidorenko 型不等式

New Sidorenko-type inequalities in tournaments

本文研究了 tournaments 中的 Sidorenko 型不等式，证明了有向树和环的新不等式，并探讨了路径的局部和全局 Sidorenko 属性。

Directed paths: from Ramsey to Ruzsa and Szemerédi

Starting from an innocent Ramsey-theoretic question regarding directed paths in tournaments, we discover a series of rich and surprising connections that lead into the theory around a fundamental problem in Combinatorics: the Ruzsa-Szemerédi induced matching problem. Using these relationships, we prove that every coloring of the edges of the transitive $n$-vertex tournament using three colors contains a directed path of length at least $\sqrt{n} \cdot e^{\log^* n}$ which entirely avoids some color. We also expose connections to a family of constructions for Ramsey tournaments, and introduce an…

Chen and Chvátal's Conjecture in tournaments

In this work we present a version of the so called Chen and Chvátal's conjecture for directed graphs. A line of a directed graph D is defined by an ordered pair (u, v), with u and v two distinct vertices of D, as the set of all vertices w such that u, v, w belong to a shortest directed path in D containing a shortest directed path from u to v. A line is empty if there is no directed path from u to v. Another option is that a line is the set of all vertices. The version of the Chen and Chvátal's conjecture we study states that if none of previous options hold, then the number of distinct lines …

Monochromatic trees in random tournaments

We prove that, with high probability, in every $2$-edge-colouring of the random tournament on $n$ vertices there is a monochromatic copy of every oriented tree of order $O (n / \sqrt{\log n})$. This generalises a result of the first, third and forth authors who proved the same statement for paths, and is tight up to a constant factor.

A $\overrightarrow{P_{3}}$-decomposition of tournaments and bipartite digraphs

A $\overrightarrow{P_{3}}$-decomposition of a directed graph $D$ is a partition of the arcs of $D$ into directed paths of length $2$. In this paper, we give a characterization for a tournament and a bipartite digraph admitting a $\overrightarrow{P_{3}}$-decomposition. This solves a problem posed by Diwan ($\overrightarrow{P_{3}}$-decomposition of directed graphs, Discrete Appl. Math., http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dam.2016.01.039.).

$(k,H)$-kernels in nearly tournaments

Let $H$ be a digraph possibly with loops, $D$ a digraph without loops, and $ρ: A(D) \rightarrow V(H)$ a coloring of $A(D)$ ($D$ is said to be an $H$-colored digraph). If $W=(x_{0}, \ldots , x_{n})$ is a walk in $D$, and $i \in \{ 0, \ldots , n-1 \}$, we say that there is an obstruction on $x_{i}$ whenever $(ρ(x_{i-1}, x_{i}), ρ(x_{i}, x_{i+1})) \notin A(H)$ (when $x_{0} = x_{n}$ the indices are taken modulo $n$). We denote by $O_{H}(W)$ the set $\{ i \in \{0, \ldots , n-1 \} :$ there is an obstruction on $x_{i} \}$. The $H$-length of $W$, denoted by $l_{H}(W)$, is defined by $|O_{H}(W)|+1$ whe…

A lower bound on the size of an absorbing set in an arc-coloured tournament

Bousquet, Lochet and Thomassé recently gave an elegant proof that for any integer $n$, there is a least integer $f(n)$ such that any tournament whose arcs are coloured with $n$ colours contains a subset of vertices $S$ of size $f(n)$ with the property that any vertex not in $S$ admits a monochromatic path to some vertex of $S$. In this note we provide a lower bound on the value $f(n)$.

正则多部竞赛图的4-弧泛圈性

4-Arc-Pancyclicity of Regular Multipartite Tournaments

本文证明正则多部竞赛图在部数足够大时具有4-弧泛圈性，并给出最佳性构造及长度不同圈数的下界，解决相关猜想。

关于多部竞赛图中顶点不相交圈的注记

Note on Disjoint Cycles in Multipartite Tournaments

本文针对无三角形多部竞赛图和3部竞赛图验证了Bermond-Thomassen关于顶点不相交有向圈的猜想，并进一步刻画了最小出度至少为$2k-1$且任意$k$个不相交圈等长的3部竞赛图。

具有一条仅位于唯一有向三角形中的弧的 Walecki 竞赛图

Walecki tournaments with an arc that lies in a unique directed triangle

本文研究含唯一有向三角形弧的 Walecki 竞赛图，证明标记为 * 的顶点被所有自同构固定且同构间相互对应，并给出至少 2^k 个适用签名。

锦标赛中的哈密顿横截结构

Hamilton transversals in tournaments

本文将经典锦标赛哈密顿路径与圈的结果推广到横截情形，证明在适当规模及强连通条件下存在 $\mathbf{T}$-横截哈密顿路径和圈，并提出新的 $\mathbf{H}$-划分方法。

$Δ(1, 2, 2)$-free 竞赛图的结构

The structure of $Δ(1, 2, 2)$-free tournaments

本文扩展了排除特定子竞赛图的竞赛图结构描述，证明了排除 $Δ(1, 2, 2)$ 的竞赛图由三种小竞赛图或两种操作生成，并给出了色数、最大可迁子竞赛图大小和循环三角形数量的最优界限。

Highly linked tournaments

A (possibly directed) graph is $k$-linked if for any two disjoint sets of vertices $\{x_1, \dots, x_k\}$ and $\{y_1, \dots, y_k\}$ there are vertex disjoint paths $P_1, \dots, P_k$ such that $P_i$ goes from $x_i$ to $y_{i}$. A theorem of Bollobás and Thomason says that every $22k$-connected (undirected) graph is $k$-linked. It is desirable to obtain analogues for directed graphs as well. Although Thomassen showed that the Bollobás-Thomason Theorem does not hold for general directed graphs, he proved an analogue of the theorem for tournaments - there is a function $f(k)$ such that every strongl…

k-Ary spanning trees contained in tournaments

A rooted tree is called a $k$-ary tree, if all non-leaf vertices have exactly $k$ children, except possibly one non-leaf vertex has at most $k-1$ children. Denote by $h(k)$ the minimum integer such that every tournament of order at least $h(k)$ contains a $k$-ary spanning tree. It is well-known that every tournament contains a Hamiltonian path, which implies that $h(1)=1$. Lu et al. [J. Graph Theory {\bf 30}(1999) 167--176] proved the existence of $h(k)$, and showed that $h(2)=4$ and $h(3)=8$. The exact values of $h(k)$ remain unknown for $k\geq 4$. A result of Erdős on the domination number o…

Minimizing cycles in tournaments and normalized $q$-norms

Akin to the Erdős-Rademacher problem, Linial and Morgenstern made the following conjecture in tournaments: for any $d\in (0,1]$, among all $n$-vertex tournaments with $d\binom{n}{3}$ many 3-cycles, the number of 4-cycles is asymptotically minimized by a special random blow-up of a transitive tournament. Recently, Chan, Grzesik, Král' and Noel introduced spectrum analysis of adjacency matrices of tournaments in this study, and confirmed this for $d\geq 1/36$. In this paper, we investigate the analogous problem of minimizing the number of cycles of a given length. We prove that for integers $\el…

锦标赛中有向图的浸入

Immersions of directed graphs in tournaments

本文研究锦标赛中有向图的浸入问题，证明了任意具有O(k)个顶点的锦标赛必含k个顶点的传递锦标赛的1-浸入，并进一步证明最小出度至少为Ck的锦标赛必含k个顶点的完全有向图的2-浸入，且这些界在相应意义下都是紧的。

On $d$-panconnected tournaments with large semidegrees

We prove the following new results. (a) Let $T$ be a regular tournament of order $2n+1\geq 11$ and $S$ a subset of $V(T)$. Suppose that $|S|\leq \frac{1}{2}(n-2)$ and $x$, $y$ are distinct vertices in $V(T)\setminus S$. If the subtournament $T-S$ contains an $(x,y)$-path of length $r$, where $3\leq r\leq |V(T)\setminus S|-2$, then $T-S$ also contains an $(x,y)$-path of length $r+1$. (b) Let $T$ be an $m$-irregular tournament of order $p$, i.e., $|d^+(x)-d^-(x)|\le m$ for every vertex $x$ of $T.$ If $m\leq \frac{1}{3}(p-5)$ (respectively, $m\leq \frac{1}{5}(p-3)$), then for every pair of vertic…

锦标赛中的闪光与彩虹

Flashes and rainbows in tournaments

本文研究完全图边着色中单调单色路径与单调彩虹路径的存在性阈值，将 Lefmann 等人的猜想证明推进到 $l \geq k^3 (\log k)^{1+o(1)}$，并把上下界差距从指数级缩小到多项式级，同时推广到锦标赛情形。

$P_{k}$-freeness implies small dichromatic number

We propose a purely combinatorial quadratic time algorithm that for any $n$-vertex $P_{k}$-free tournament $T$, where $P_{k}$ is a directed path of length $k$, finds in $T$ a transitive subset of order $n^{\frac{c}{k\log(k)^{2}}}$. As a byproduct of our method, we obtain subcubic $O(n^{1-\frac{c}{k\log(k)^{2}}})$-approximation algorithm for the optimal acyclic coloring problem on $P_{k}$-free tournaments. Our results are tight up to the $\log(k)$-factor in the following sense: there exist infinite families of $P_{k}$-free tournaments with largest transitive subsets of order at most $n^{\frac{c…

Spanning eulerian subdigraphs avoiding k prescribed arcs in tournaments

A digraph is {\bf eulerian} if it is connected and every vertex has its in-degree equal to its out-degree. Having a spanning eulerian subdigraph is thus a weakening of having a hamiltonian cycle. A digraph is {\bf semicomplete} if it has no pair of non-adjacent vertices. A {\bf tournament} is a semicomplete digraph without directed cycles of length 2. Fraise and Thomassen \cite{fraisseGC3} proved that every $(k+1)$-strong tournament has a hamiltonian cycle which avoids any prescribed set of $k$ arcs. In \cite{bangsupereuler} the authors demonstrated that a number of results concerning vertex-c…

完全定向超图中的紧路径

Tight paths in fully directed hypergraphs

研究完全定向超图中紧路径的存在性，确定了f(n,r,k)的渐进行为，并给出了r≤5时的精确值。