Explosive eruptions are the surface manifestation of dynamics that involve transfer of magma from the underground regions of magma accumulation. Evidence of the involvement of compositionally different magmas from different reservoirs is continuously increasing to countless cases. Yet, models of eruption dynamics consider only the uppermost portion of the plumbing system, neglecting connections to deeper regions of magma storage. Here we show that the extent and efficiency of the interconnections between different magma storage regions largely control the size of the eruptions, their evolution, the causes of their termination, and ultimately their impact on the surrounding environment. Our numerical simulations first reproduce the magnitude-intensity relationship observed for explosive eruptions on Earth and explain the observed variable evolutions of eruption mass flow rates. Because deep magmatic interconnections are largely inaccessible to present-day imaging capabilities, our results imply a limit to eruption size forecasts based on observations and measurements during volcanic unrest.
Exponential Decay Of Concentration Variance During Magma Mixing: Robustness Of A Volcanic Chronometer And Implications For The Homogenization Of Chemical Heterogeneities In Magmatic Systems
Toward Forecasting Volcanic Eruptions using Seismic Noise
在喷发期间，岩浆加压产生微妙的变化，火山机构的弹性性能。我们使用记录在Piton de la Fournaise火山上的环境地震噪声的再现性特性来测量小于0.1%的相对地震速度变化，时间分辨率为一天。我们的研究结果表明，五个研究的火山爆发之前，明显可检测的地震速度下降的岩浆注入区。这些前兆反映了岩浆加压引起的沉积扩张，可以作为改进火山喷发预测的有用指标。
To understand the evolution of the Moon, we numerically modeled mantle convection and magmatism in a two-dimensional polar rectangular mantle. Magmatism occurs as an upward permeable flow of magma generated by decompression melting through the convecting matrix. The mantle is assumed to be initially enriched in heat-producing elements (HPEs) and compositionally dense ilmenite-bearing cumulates (IBC) at its base. Here, we newly show that magma generation and migration play a crucial role in the calculated volcanic and radial expansion/contraction history. Magma is generated in the deep mantle b…
A general-purpose model combining concepts from rational continuum mechanics, fracture and damage mechanics, plasticity, and poromechanics is devised in Eulerian coordinates, involving objective time derivatives. The model complies with mass, momentum, and energy conservation as well as entropy inequality and objectivity. It is devised to cover many diverse phenomena, specifically rupture of existing lithospheric faults, tectonic earthquakes, generation and propagation of seismic waves, birth of new tectonic faults, or volcanic activity, aseismic creep, folding of rocks, aging of rocks, long-d…
Unveiling magma plumbing systems for volcanic eruptions and crustal accretion via active-seismic matrix imaging
Institut Langevin, ESPCI, PSL University, CNRS（朗之万研究所，ESPCI巴黎高等物理化工学院，PSL大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7154（巴黎地球物理研究所，巴黎西岱大学，法国国家科学研究中心）
Highly volcanic exoplanets, which can be variously characterized as 'lava worlds', 'magma ocean worlds', or 'super-Ios' are high priority targets for investigation. The term 'lava world' may refer to any planet with extensive surface lava lakes, while the term 'magma ocean world' refers to planets with global or hemispherical magma oceans at their surface. 'Highly volcanic planets', including super-Ios, may simply have large, or large numbers of, active explosive or extrusive volcanoes of any form. They are plausibly highly diverse, with magmatic processes across a wide range of compositions, …
Tidal heating is expected to impart significant, non-spherically-symmetric structure to Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. A signature of spatially variable tidal heating is generally sought in observations of surface heat fluxes or volcanic activity, an exploration complicated by the transient nature of volcanic events. The thickness of the lithosphere is expected to change over much longer timescales, and so may provide a robust link between surface observations and the tidal heating distribution. To predict long-wavelength lithospheric thickness variations, we couple three-dimensional tidal heatin…
Volcanic gases supplied a large part of Earth's early atmosphere, but constraints on their flux are scarce. Here we model how C-O-H outgassing could have evolved through the late Hadean and early Archean, under the conditions that global plate tectonics had not yet initiated, all outgassing was subaerial, and graphite was the stable carbon phase in the melt source regions. The model fully couples numerical mantle convection, partitioning of volatiles into the melt, and chemical speciation in the gas phase. The mantle oxidation state (which may not have reached late Archean values in the Hadean…
Io, the most volcanically active body in the solar system, loses heat through eruptions of hot lava. Heat is supplied by tidal heating and is thought to be transferred through the mantle by magmatic segregation, a mode of transport that sets it apart from convecting terrestrial planets. We present a model that couples magmatic transport of tidal heat to the volcanic system in the crust, in order to determine the controls on crustal thickness, magmatic intrusions, and eruption rates. We demonstrate that magmatic intrusions are a key component of Io's crustal heat balance; around 80% of the magm…
Hydrogen in rocky planet atmospheres has been invoked in arguments for extending the habitable zone via N2-H2 and CO2-H2 greenhouse warming, and providing atmospheric conditions suitable for efficient production of prebiotic molecules. On Earth and Super-Earth-sized bodies, where H2-rich primordial envelopes are quickly lost to space, volcanic outgassing can act as a hydrogen source, provided it balances with the loss rate from the top of the atmosphere. Here, we show that both Earth-like and Mars-like planets can sustain atmospheric H2 fractions of several percent across relevant magmatic fO2…
Magmatic segregation and volcanic eruptions transport tidal heat from Io's interior to its surface. Several observed eruptions appear to be extremely high temperature ($\geq$ 1600 K), suggesting either very high degrees of melting, refractory source regions, or large amounts of viscous heating on ascent. To address this ambiguity, we develop a model that couples crust and mantle dynamics to a simple compositional system. We analyse the model to investigate chemical structure and evolution. We demonstrate that magmatic segregation and volcanic eruptions lead to differentiation of the mantle, th…
Matrix imaging as a tool for high-resolution monitoring of deep volcanic plumbing systems with seismic noise
Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS（朗之万研究所，巴黎高等物理化工学院，巴黎文理研究大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Cité, CNRS（巴黎地球物理研究所，巴黎西岱大学，法国国家科学研究中心）
We developed a method to classify volcanic ash samples by introducing statistically determined grain types. Using more than 10,000 numbers of automatically measured grain data (parameters of grain shape and transparency) and the cluster analysis, we made grain types without human eyes. By components of the grain type in each samples, we classified samples from types of basaltic monogenetic volcanoes: 1) Funabara scoria cone, Izu Peninsula, Japan (magmatic eruption origin); 2) Nippana tuff ring, Miyakejima, Japan (phreatomagmatic eruption origin); and 3) rootless cones in Myvatn, Iceland (rootl…
Volcanic eruptions are associated with a wide range of electrostatic effects. Increasing evidence suggests that high-altitude discharges (lightning) in maturing plumes are driven by electrification processes that require the formation of ice (analogous to processes underpinning meteorological thunderstorms). However, electrical discharges are also common at or near the volcanic vent. A number of "ice-free" electrification mechanisms have been proposed to account for this activity: fractocharging, triboelectric charging, radioactive charging, and charging through induction. Yet, the degree to w…
This contribution reviews the effects of source heterogeneities, melt-rock reactions and intracrustal differentiation on magma chemistry across mid-ocean ridges, intraplate settings and subduction zones using experimental studies and natural data. We compare melting behaviors of pyroxenites and peridotites and their relative contributions to magmas as functions of composition, mantle potential temperatures and lithospheric thickness. We also discuss the fate of chemically distinct melts derived from heterogeneities as they travel through a peridotitic mantle. Using nearly 60,000 natural major …
The Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most hazardous volcanic systems on Earth, having produced >60 eruptions in the past 15 ka. The caldera remains active and its potential for future eruptions is high, posing a danger to the dense population living nearby. Despite this, our understanding of pre-eruptive processes and the architecture of the sub-volcanic system are poorly constrained. Here, we combine established petrological techniques, geothermobarometric evaluation, and high resolution trace element crystal mapping, to present a multifaceted, coherent reconstruction of t…
Statistical mechanics arguments and Madelung hydrodynamical presentation are applied to the transport of magma in volcanic conduits. An effective wave equation with logarithmic nonlinearity becomes apparent in systems of this kind, which describes the flow of a two-phase barotropic Korteweg fluid with capillarity, and allows multiple eigensolutions thus leading to wave-mechanical effects. We study spontaneous symmetry breaking in the erupting lava which flows up the conduit, so that fluid fragmentation and nucleation of density inhomogeneities occur; therefore, changing temperature can trigger…
Volcanic jet flows in explosive eruptions emit radio frequency signatures, indicative of their fluid dynamic and electrostatic conditions. The emissions originate from sparks supported by an electric field built up by the ejected charged volcanic particles. When shock-defined, low-pressure regions confine the sparks, the signatures may be limited to high-frequency content corresponding to the early components of the avalanche-streamer-leader hierarchy. Here, we image sparks and a standing shock together in a transient supersonic jet of micro-diamonds entrained in argon. Fluid dynamic and kinet…
Volcanic tremor is key to our understanding of active magmatic systems but, due to its complexity, there is still a debate concerning its origins and how it can be used to characterize eruptive dynamics. In this study we leverage machine learning (ML) techniques using 6 years of continuous seismic data from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion island) to describe specific patterns of seismic signals recorded during eruptions. These results unveil what we interpret as signals associated with various eruptive dynamics of the volcano, including the effusion of a large volume of lava duri…
Enhanced Seismicity Monitoring in the Rapid Scientific Response to the 2025 Santorini Crisis
The Lyell Centre, British Geological Survey（英国地质调查局利尔中心）；School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学地球科学学院）；Department of Geophysics, Stanford University（斯坦福大学地球物理学系）；GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences（GFZ德国地学研究中心赫尔姆霍茨）；RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学）；Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学埃托雷·潘奇尼物理系）；Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)（意大利国家地球物理学和火山学研究所）；U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Disaster Assistance Program（美国地质调查局火山灾害援助计划）；Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford（牛津大学地球科学系）；Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California（南加州大学土木与环境工程系）；Division of Natural Sciences, Academy of Athens（雅典科学院自然科学部）；U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center（美国地质调查局太平洋沿海与海洋科学中心）；Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens（雅典国立天文台地球动力学研究所）；Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova（帕多瓦大学地球科学系）；Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’ Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学地球、环境与资源科学系）
Accelerating unrest at Campi Flegrei signals a critical transition within the next decade
Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)（南方科技大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)（意大利国家地球物理与火山学研究所）；Federico II University（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale - OGS（意大利国家海洋与实验地球物理学研究所）
In this work we used fractal statistics in order to decipher the mechanisms acting during explosive volcanic eruptions by studying the grain size distribution (GSD) of natural pyroclastic-fall deposits. The method was applied to lithic-rich proximal deposits from a stratigraphic section of the Cretaio Tephra eruption (Ischia Island, Italy). Analyses were performed separately on bulk material, juvenile, and lithic fraction from each pyroclastic layer. Results highlight that the bulk material is characterized by a single scaling regime whereas two scaling regimes, with contrasting power-law expo…
