生命系统熵产生的改进界
Improved bounds on entropy production in living systems
摘要：
生命系统通过违反热力学第二定律来维持或增加局部秩序。当它们散热时，热力学的一致性就恢复了，从而增加了它们所处环境的净熵。最近推出的熵产生率的估计提供了重要的细胞过程的热效率的主要见解。然而，在实验中，许多自由度通常对观察者保持隐藏，并且在这些情况下，现有方法不是最佳的。在这里，通过重新制定的优化框架内的问题，我们能够推断出改进的界限的熵产生率从生物系统的部分测量。我们的方法产生可证明的最佳估计给定某些可测量的过渡统计。特别是，它可以揭示非零产热率，即使非平衡过程出现时间对称，因此可能会假装服从细致平衡。我们证明了这个框架的广泛适用性，通过提供改进的界限熵产生率在不同的生物系统，包括细菌鞭毛电机，生长微管，钙振荡在人胚肾细胞。
英文摘要：
Living systems maintain or increase local order by working against the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Thermodynamic consistency is restored as they dissipate heat, thereby increasing the net entropy of their environment. Recently introduced estimators for the entropy production rate have provided major insights into the thermal efficiency of important cellular processes. In experiments, however, many degrees of freedom typically remain hidden to the observer, and in these cases, existing methods are not optimal. Here, by reformulating the problem within an optimization framework, we are able to infer improved bounds on the rate of entropy production from partial measurements of biological systems. Our approach yields provably optimal estimates given certain measurable transition statistics. In particular, it can reveal non-zero heat production rates even when non-equilibrium processes appear time symmetric and so may pretend to obey detailed balance. We demonstrate the broad applicability of this framework by providing improved bounds on the entropy production rate in a diverse range of biological systems including bacterial flagella motors, growing microtubules, and calcium oscillations within human embryonic kidney cells.
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