人脑中的破坏性细致平衡和熵产生
Broken detailed balance and entropy production in the human brain
摘要：
生命系统在小尺度上打破细致平衡，消耗能量并在环境中产生熵，以执行分子和细胞功能。然而，目前尚不清楚破坏的细致平衡如何在宏观尺度上表现出来，以及这种动态如何支持更高层次的生物功能。在这里，我们提出了一个框架来量化打破细致平衡，通过测量宏观系统中的熵产生。我们将我们的方法应用于人类大脑，大脑是一个巨大的代谢消耗驱动各种认知功能的器官。使用全脑成像数据，我们证明，大脑几乎服从细致平衡时，休息，但强烈打破细致平衡时，执行体力和认知要求的任务。使用一个动态伊辛模型，我们表明，这些大规模的违反细致平衡可以出现在元素之间的相互作用，一个已知的功能，神经系统的精细尺度不对称。总之，这些结果表明，违反细致平衡是至关重要的认知，并提供了一个通用的工具，量化熵产生的宏观系统。
英文摘要：
Living systems break detailed balance at small scales, consuming energy and producing entropy in the environment in order to perform molecular and cellular functions. However, it remains unclear how broken detailed balance manifests at macroscopic scales, and how such dynamics support higher-order biological functions. Here we present a framework to quantify broken detailed balance by measuring entropy production in macroscopic systems. We apply our method to the human brain, an organ whose immense metabolic consumption drives a diverse range of cognitive functions. Using whole-brain imaging data, we demonstrate that the brain nearly obeys detailed balance when at rest, but strongly breaks detailed balance when performing physically and cognitively demanding tasks. Using a dynamic Ising model, we show that these large-scale violations of detailed balance can emerge from fine-scale asymmetries in the interactions between elements, a known feature of neural systems. Together, these results suggest that violations of detailed balance are vital for cognition, and provide a general tool for quantifying entropy production in macroscopic systems.
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