熵产生的方差求和规则
Variance Sum Rule for Entropy Production
AI总结：
本文提出一种用于位移和力方差的方差求和规则，可测量非平衡稳态中的熵产生率，并在活性布朗粒子和人类红细胞实验中验证了其有效性与空间异质性。
摘要：
熵产生是非平衡物理的标志，量化了不可逆性、耗散和能量转导过程的效率。尽管付出了许多努力，在纳米尺度上测量它仍然具有挑战性。我们引入了一种关于位移和力方差的方差求和规则，允许我们测量非平衡稳态中的熵产生率$σ$。我们首先以可直接测量的力为例进行说明，例如光学陷阱中的活性布朗粒子。然后，我们将该方差求和规则应用于人类红细胞的闪烁实验。我们发现$σ$具有空间异质性，具有有限的关联长度，且其平均值与量热法测量结果一致。VSR为利用力谱学和活体及活性物质中的时间分辨成像来推导$σ$铺平了道路。
英文摘要：
Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at the nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule for displacement and force variances that permits us to measure the entropy production rate $σ$ in nonequilibrium steady states. We first illustrate it for directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle in an optical trap. We then apply the variance sum rule to flickering experiments in human red blood cells. We find that $σ$ is spatially heterogeneous with a finite correlation length and its average value agrees with calorimetry measurements. The VSR paves the way to derive $σ$ using force spectroscopy and time-resolved imaging in living and active matter.
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