Video Prediction is an interesting and challenging task of predicting future frames from a given set context frames that belong to a video sequence. Video prediction models have found prospective applications in Maneuver Planning, Health care, Autonomous Navigation and Simulation. One of the major challenges in future frame generation is due to the high dimensional nature of visual data. In this work, we propose Mutual Information Predictive Auto-Encoder (MIPAE) framework, that reduces the task of predicting high dimensional video frames by factorising video representations into content and low dimensional pose latent variables that are easy to predict. A standard LSTM network is used to predict these low dimensional pose representations. Content and the predicted pose representations are decoded to generate future frames. Our approach leverages the temporal structure of the latent generative factors of a video and a novel mutual information loss to learn disentangled video representations. We also propose a metric based on mutual information gap (MIG) to quantitatively access the effectiveness of disentanglement on DSprites and MPI3D-real datasets. MIG scores corroborate with the visual superiority of frames predicted by MIPAE. We also compare our method quantitatively on evaluation metrics LPIPS, SSIM and PSNR.
Disentangled visual representations have largely been studied with generative models such as Variational AutoEncoders (VAEs). While prior work has focused on generative methods for disentangled representation learning, these approaches do not scale to large datasets due to current limitations of generative models. Instead, we explore regularization methods with contrastive learning, which could result in disentangled representations that are powerful enough for large scale datasets and downstream applications. However, we find that unsupervised disentanglement is difficult to achieve due to op…
Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；HKUST（香港科技大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；EIT（电子与信息技术研究所）
Disentangled representation learning is one of the major goals of deep learning, and is a key step for achieving explainable and generalizable models. A well-defined theoretical guarantee still lacks for the VAE-based unsupervised methods, which are a set of popular methods to achieve unsupervised disentanglement. The Group Theory based definition of representation disentanglement mathematically connects the data transformations to the representations using the formalism of group. In this paper, built on the group-based definition and inspired by the n-th dihedral group, we first propose a the…
Disentangled representations support a range of downstream tasks including causal reasoning, generative modeling, and fair machine learning. Unfortunately, disentanglement has been shown to be impossible without the incorporation of supervision or inductive bias. Given that supervision is often expensive or infeasible to acquire, we choose to incorporate structural inductive bias and present an unsupervised, deep State-Space-Model for Video Disentanglement (VDSM). The model disentangles latent time-varying and dynamic factors via the incorporation of hierarchical structure with a dynamic prior…
Content and style (C-S) disentanglement intends to decompose the underlying explanatory factors of objects into two independent subspaces. From the unsupervised disentanglement perspective, we rethink content and style and propose a formulation for unsupervised C-S disentanglement based on our assumption that different factors are of different importance and popularity for image reconstruction, which serves as a data bias. The corresponding model inductive bias is introduced by our proposed C-S disentanglement Module (C-S DisMo), which assigns different and independent roles to content and sty…
Geometric disentanglement, the separation of latent codes for intrinsic (i.e. identity) and extrinsic(i.e. pose) geometry, is a prominent task for generative models of non-Euclidean data such as 3D deformable models. It provides greater interpretability of the latent space, and leads to more control in generation. This work introduces a mesh feature, the conformal factor and normal feature (CFAN),for use in mesh convolutional autoencoders. We further propose CFAN-VAE, a novel architecture that disentangles identity and pose using the CFAN feature. Requiring no label information on the identity…
We present MRGAN, a multi-rooted adversarial network which generates part-disentangled 3D point-cloud shapes without part-based shape supervision. The network fuses multiple branches of tree-structured graph convolution layers which produce point clouds, with learnable constant inputs at the tree roots. Each branch learns to grow a different shape part, offering control over the shape generation at the part level. Our network encourages disentangled generation of semantic parts via two key ingredients: a root-mixing training strategy which helps decorrelate the different branches to facilitate…
Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院神经信息学研究所）
Disentanglement is at the forefront of unsupervised learning, as disentangled representations of data improve generalization, interpretability, and performance in downstream tasks. Current unsupervised approaches remain inapplicable for real-world datasets since they are highly variable in their performance and fail to reach levels of disentanglement of (semi-)supervised approaches. We introduce population-based training (PBT) for improving consistency in training variational autoencoders (VAEs) and demonstrate the validity of this approach in a supervised setting (PBT-VAE). We then use Unsupe…
Domain adaptation aims to mitigate the domain gap when transferring knowledge from an existing labeled domain to a new domain. However, existing disentanglement-based methods do not fully consider separation between domain-invariant and domain-specific features, which means the domain-invariant features are not discriminative. The reconstructed features are also not sufficiently used during training. In this paper, we propose a novel enhanced separable disentanglement (ESD) model. We first employ a disentangler to distill domain-invariant and domain-specific features. Then, we apply feature se…
Tel Aviv University（特拉维夫大学）；Facebook AI Research（脸书人工智能研究院）
We study the problem of learning to map, in an unsupervised way, between domains A and B, such that the samples b in B contain all the information that exists in samples a in A and some additional information. For example, ignoring occlusions, B can be people with glasses, A people without, and the glasses, would be the added information. When mapping a sample a from the first domain to the other domain, the missing information is replicated from an independent reference sample b in B. Thus, in the above example, we can create, for every person without glasses a version with the glasses observ…
Closed-Loop Unsupervised Representation Disentanglement with $β$-VAE Distillation and Diffusion Probabilistic Feedback
Ningbo Institute of Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology（宁波数字孪生研究所、东部技术研究所）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）
We propose FineGAN, a novel unsupervised GAN framework, which disentangles the background, object shape, and object appearance to hierarchically generate images of fine-grained object categories. To disentangle the factors without supervision, our key idea is to use information theory to associate each factor to a latent code, and to condition the relationships between the codes in a specific way to induce the desired hierarchy. Through extensive experiments, we show that FineGAN achieves the desired disentanglement to generate realistic and diverse images belonging to fine-grained classes of …
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；UC San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；Qualcomm, Inc.（高通公司）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
We propose an algorithm, guided variational autoencoder (Guided-VAE), that is able to learn a controllable generative model by performing latent representation disentanglement learning. The learning objective is achieved by providing signals to the latent encoding/embedding in VAE without changing its main backbone architecture, hence retaining the desirable properties of the VAE. We design an unsupervised strategy and a supervised strategy in Guided-VAE and observe enhanced modeling and controlling capability over the vanilla VAE. In the unsupervised strategy, we guide the VAE learning by int…
While recent person re-identification (ReID) methods achieve high accuracy in a supervised setting, their generalization to an unlabelled domain is still an open problem. In this paper, we introduce a novel unsupervised disentanglement generative adversarial network (UD-GAN) to address the domain adaptation issue of supervised person ReID. Our framework jointly trains a ReID network for discriminative features extraction in a source labelled domain using identity annotation, and adapts the ReID model to an unlabelled target domain by learning disentangled latent representations on the domain. …
We address the problem of discovering part segmentations of articulated objects without supervision. In contrast to keypoints, part segmentations provide information about part localizations on the level of individual pixels. Capturing both locations and semantics, they are an attractive target for supervised learning approaches. However, large annotation costs limit the scalability of supervised algorithms to other object categories than humans. Unsupervised approaches potentially allow to use much more data at a lower cost. Most existing unsupervised approaches focus on learning abstract rep…
University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；Adobe Research（Adobe 研究院）；MIT CSAIL（麻省理工学院计算机科学与人工智能实验室）
Existing disentanglement methods for deep generative models rely on hand-picked priors and complex encoder-based architectures. In this paper, we propose the Hessian Penalty, a simple regularization term that encourages the Hessian of a generative model with respect to its input to be diagonal. We introduce a model-agnostic, unbiased stochastic approximation of this term based on Hutchinson's estimator to compute it efficiently during training. Our method can be applied to a wide range of deep generators with just a few lines of code. We show that training with the Hessian Penalty often causes…
Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)（维迪亚西利梅迪科学技术学院）；King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT)（国王科技大学吞武里分校）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Visual data can be understood at different levels of granularity, where global features correspond to semantic-level information and local features correspond to texture patterns. In this work, we propose a framework, called SPLIT, which allows us to disentangle local and global information into two separate sets of latent variables within the variational autoencoder (VAE) framework. Our framework adds generative assumption to the VAE by requiring a subset of the latent variables to generate an auxiliary set of observable data. This additional generative assumption primes the latent variables …
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室）；Queens University（皇后大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
Our work focuses on unsupervised and generative methods that address the following goals: (a) learning unsupervised generative representations that discover latent factors controlling image semantic attributes, (b) studying how this ability to control attributes formally relates to the issue of latent factor disentanglement, clarifying related but dissimilar concepts that had been confounded in the past, and (c) developing anomaly detection methods that leverage representations learned in (a). For (a), we propose a network architecture that exploits the combination of multiscale generative mod…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）
There have been a fairly of research interests in exploring the disentanglement of appearance and shape from human images. Most existing endeavours pursuit this goal by either using training images with annotations or regulating the training process with external clues such as human skeleton, body segmentation or cloth patches etc. In this paper, we aim to address this challenge in a more unsupervised manner---we do not require any annotation nor any external task-specific clues. To this end, we formulate an encoder-decoder-like network to extract both the shape and appearance features from in…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
Unsupervised domain adaptive (UDA) person re-identification (ReID) aims to transfer the knowledge from the labeled source domain to the unlabeled target domain for person matching. One challenge is how to generate target domain samples with reliable labels for training. To address this problem, we propose a Disentanglement-based Cross-Domain Feature Augmentation (DCDFA) strategy, where the augmented features characterize well the target and source domain data distributions while inheriting reliable identity labels. Particularly, we disentangle each sample feature into a robust domain-invariant…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）
Current deep neural network based approaches to computed tomography (CT) metal artifact reduction (MAR) are supervised methods which rely heavily on synthesized data for training. However, as synthesized data may not perfectly simulate the underlying physical mechanisms of CT imaging, the supervised methods often generalize poorly to clinical applications. To address this problem, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first unsupervised learning approach to MAR. Specifically, we introduce a novel artifact disentanglement network that enables different forms of generations and regulariz…
We propose a method to disentangle linear-encoded facial semantics from StyleGAN without external supervision. The method derives from linear regression and sparse representation learning concepts to make the disentangled latent representations easily interpreted as well. We start by coupling StyleGAN with a stabilized 3D deformable facial reconstruction method to decompose single-view GAN generations into multiple semantics. Latent representations are then extracted to capture interpretable facial semantics. In this work, we make it possible to get rid of labels for disentangling meaningful f…
National Taiwan University（台湾大学）；MOST Joint Research Center for AI Technology and All Vista Healthcare（科技部AI技术与全视医疗照护联合研究中心）；ASUS Intelligent Cloud Services（华硕智能云服务）
Person re-identification (re-ID) aims at recognizing the same person from images taken across different cameras. To address this challenging task, existing re-ID models typically rely on a large amount of labeled training data, which is not practical for real-world applications. To alleviate this limitation, researchers now targets at cross-dataset re-ID which focuses on generalizing the discriminative ability to the unlabeled target domain when given a labeled source domain dataset. To achieve this goal, our proposed Pose Disentanglement and Adaptation Network (PDA-Net) aims at learning deep …
Massachusetts General Hospital（麻省总医院）；Harvard Medical School（哈佛医学院）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；University of Maryland School of Dentistry（马里兰大学牙医学院）
Cycle reconstruction regularized adversarial training -- e.g., CycleGAN, DiscoGAN, and DualGAN -- has been widely used for image style transfer with unpaired training data. Several recent works, however, have shown that local distortions are frequent, and structural consistency cannot be guaranteed. Targeting this issue, prior works usually relied on additional segmentation or consistent feature extraction steps that are task-specific. To counter this, this work aims to learn a general add-on structural feature extractor, by explicitly enforcing the structural alignment between an input and it…
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；T Stone Robotics Institute of CUHK（香港中文大学汤申机器人研究所）
Learning a good 3D human pose representation is important for human pose related tasks, e.g. human 3D pose estimation and action recognition. Within all these problems, preserving the intrinsic pose information and adapting to view variations are two critical issues. In this work, we propose a novel Siamese denoising autoencoder to learn a 3D pose representation by disentangling the pose-dependent and view-dependent feature from the human skeleton data, in a fully unsupervised manner. These two disentangled features are utilized together as the representation of the 3D pose. To consider both t…
The success of deep learning has set new benchmarks for many medical image analysis tasks. However, deep models often fail to generalize in the presence of distribution shifts between training (source) data and test (target) data. One method commonly employed to counter distribution shifts is domain adaptation: using samples from the target domain to learn to account for shifted distributions. In this work we propose an unsupervised domain adaptation approach that uses graph neural networks and, disentangled semantic and domain invariant structural features, allowing for better performance acr…
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）
Deep learning models struggle with compositional generalization, i.e. the ability to recognize or generate novel combinations of observed elementary concepts. In hopes of enabling compositional generalization, various unsupervised learning algorithms have been proposed with inductive biases that aim to induce compositional structure in learned representations (e.g. disentangled representation and emergent language learning). In this work, we evaluate these unsupervised learning algorithms in terms of how well they enable compositional generalization. Specifically, our evaluation protocol focus…
Unsupervised landmark learning is the task of learning semantic keypoint-like representations without the use of expensive input keypoint-level annotations. A popular approach is to factorize an image into a pose and appearance data stream, then to reconstruct the image from the factorized components. The pose representation should capture a set of consistent and tightly localized landmarks in order to facilitate reconstruction of the input image. Ultimately, we wish for our learned landmarks to focus on the foreground object of interest. However, the reconstruction task of the entire image fo…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Parametric models of humans, faces, hands and animals have been widely used for a range of tasks such as image-based reconstruction, shape correspondence estimation, and animation. Their key strength is the ability to factor surface variations into shape and pose dependent components. Learning such models requires lots of expert knowledge and hand-defined object-specific constraints, making the learning approach unscalable to novel objects. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective approach to learn disentangled shape and pose representations in an unsupervised setting. We use a combina…
Efficient tracking algorithms are a crucial part of particle tracking detectors. While a lot of work has been done in designing a plethora of algorithms, these usually require tedious tuning for each use case. (Weakly) supervised Machine Learning-based approaches can leverage the actual raw data for maximal performance. Yet in realistic scenarios, sufficient high-quality labeled data is not available. While training might be performed on simulated data, the reproduction of realistic signal and noise in the detector requires substantial effort, compromising this approach. Here we propose a nove…
Unsupervised image-to-image translation methods have achieved tremendous success in recent years. However, it can be easily observed that their models contain significant entanglement which often hurts the translation performance. In this work, we propose a principled approach for improving style-content disentanglement in image-to-image translation. By considering the information flow into each of the representations, we introduce an additional loss term which serves as a content-bottleneck. We show that the results of our method are significantly more disentangled than those produced by curr…
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Tomorrow Advancing Life（好未来）；Pazhou Lab（琶洲实验室）
Unsupervised disentanglement learning is a crucial issue for understanding and exploiting deep generative models. Recently, SeFa tries to find latent disentangled directions by performing SVD on the first projection of a pre-trained GAN. However, it is only applied to the first layer and works in a post-processing way. Hessian Penalty minimizes the off-diagonal entries of the output's Hessian matrix to facilitate disentanglement, and can be applied to multi-layers.However, it constrains each entry of output independently, making it not sufficient in disentangling the latent directions (e.g., s…
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）
Image-to-image translation has drawn great attention during the past few years. It aims to translate an image in one domain to a given reference image in another domain. Due to its effectiveness and efficiency, many applications can be formulated as image-to-image translation problems. However, three main challenges remain in image-to-image translation: 1) the lack of large amounts of aligned training pairs for different tasks; 2) the ambiguity of multiple possible outputs from a single input image; and 3) the lack of simultaneous training of multiple datasets from different domains within a s…
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）
Current deep neural network based approaches to computed tomography (CT) metal artifact reduction (MAR) are supervised methods that rely on synthesized metal artifacts for training. However, as synthesized data may not accurately simulate the underlying physical mechanisms of CT imaging, the supervised methods often generalize poorly to clinical applications. To address this problem, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first unsupervised learning approach to MAR. Specifically, we introduce a novel artifact disentanglement network that disentangles the metal artifacts from CT images i…
Unsupervised SE(3) Disentanglement for in situ Macromolecular Morphology Identification from Cryo-Electron Tomography
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)（印度理工学院）；Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging SSRL SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University（冷冻电镜与生物成像部SLAC国家加速器实验室斯坦福大学）
Rice University（莱斯大学）；Nvidia（英伟达）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
Disentanglement learning is crucial for obtaining disentangled representations and controllable generation. Current disentanglement methods face several inherent limitations: difficulty with high-resolution images, primarily focusing on learning disentangled representations, and non-identifiability due to the unsupervised setting. To alleviate these limitations, we design new architectures and loss functions based on StyleGAN (Karras et al., 2019), for semi-supervised high-resolution disentanglement learning. We create two complex high-resolution synthetic datasets for systematic testing. We i…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Sichuan University（四川大学）；The University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）
Recent works in domain adaptation always learn domain invariant features to mitigate the gap between the source and target domains by adversarial methods. The category information are not sufficiently used which causes the learned domain invariant features are not enough discriminative. We propose a new domain adaptation method based on prototype construction which likes capturing data cluster centers. Specifically, it consists of two parts: disentanglement and reconstruction. First, the domain specific features and domain invariant features are disentangled from the original features. At the …
Exploring the potential of GANs for unsupervised disentanglement learning, this paper proposes a novel GAN-based disentanglement framework with One-Hot Sampling and Orthogonal Regularization (OOGAN). While previous works mostly attempt to tackle disentanglement learning through VAE and seek to implicitly minimize the Total Correlation (TC) objective with various sorts of approximation methods, we show that GANs have a natural advantage in disentangling with an alternating latent variable (noise) sampling method that is straightforward and robust. Furthermore, we provide a brand-new perspective…
Shandong University（山东大学）；Tel Aviv University（特拉维夫大学）；The Hebrew University of Jerusalem（耶路撒冷希伯来大学）
Unsupervised domain adaptation aims at learning a shared model for two related, but not identical, domains by leveraging supervision from a source domain to an unsupervised target domain. A number of effective domain adaptation approaches rely on the ability to extract discriminative, yet domain-invariant, latent factors which are common to both domains. Extracting latent commonality is also useful for disentanglement analysis, enabling separation between the common and the domain-specific features of both domains. In this paper, we present a method for boosting domain adaptation performance b…
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)（韩国科学技术院）
Metal artifact reduction (MAR) is one of the most important research topics in computed tomography (CT). With the advance of deep learning technology for image reconstruction,various deep learning methods have been also suggested for metal artifact removal, among which supervised learning methods are most popular. However, matched non-metal and metal image pairs are difficult to obtain in real CT acquisition. Recently, a promising unsupervised learning for MAR was proposed using feature disentanglement, but the resulting network architecture is complication and difficult to handle large size c…
Learning disentangled representations is regarded as a fundamental task for improving the generalization, robustness, and interpretability of generative models. However, measuring disentanglement has been challenging and inconsistent, often dependent on an ad-hoc external model or specific to a certain dataset. To address this, we present a method for quantifying disentanglement that only uses the generative model, by measuring the topological similarity of conditional submanifolds in the learned representation. This method showcases both unsupervised and supervised variants. To illustrate the…
There have been many recent advances in representation learning; however, unsupervised representation learning can still struggle with model identification issues related to rotations of the latent space. Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) and their extensions such as $β$-VAEs have been shown to improve local alignment of latent variables with PCA directions, which can help to improve model disentanglement under some conditions. Borrowing inspiration from Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and sparse coding, we propose applying an $L_1$ loss to the VAE's generative Jacobian during training to …
Bayesian Unsupervised Disentanglement of Anatomy and Geometry for Deep Groupwise Image Registration
School of Data Science, Fudan University（复旦大学数据科学学院）；Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and I-X, Imperial College London（帝国理工学院电子与电气工程系）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington（华盛顿大学电气与计算机工程系）；Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington（华盛顿大学保罗·G·艾伦计算机科学与工程学院）；Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah（犹他大学放射科与成像科学系）；Department of Radiology, University of Washington（华盛顿大学放射科）；Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intellengence, Fudan University（复旦大学脑启发智能科学技术研究院）
We construct an unsupervised learning model that achieves nonlinear disentanglement of underlying factors of variation in naturalistic videos. Previous work suggests that representations can be disentangled if all but a few factors in the environment stay constant at any point in time. As a result, algorithms proposed for this problem have only been tested on carefully constructed datasets with this exact property, leaving it unclear whether they will transfer to natural scenes. Here we provide evidence that objects in segmented natural movies undergo transitions that are typically small in ma…
University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Canon Medical Research Europe Ltd.（佳能医疗研究欧洲有限公司）；AC Codewheel Ltd（AC Codewheel有限公司）；The Alan Turing Institute（艾伦·图灵研究所）
Learning disentangled representations requires either supervision or the introduction of specific model designs and learning constraints as biases. InfoGAN is a popular disentanglement framework that learns unsupervised disentangled representations by maximising the mutual information between latent representations and their corresponding generated images. Maximisation of mutual information is achieved by introducing an auxiliary network and training with a latent regression loss. In this short exploratory paper, we study the use of the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) to approxim…
USC Information Sciences Institute（南加州大学信息科学研究所）；Alexandria University（亚历山大大学）
Deep neural networks are powerful, massively parameterized machine learning models that have been shown to perform well in supervised learning tasks. However, very large amounts of labeled data are usually needed to train deep neural networks. Several semi-supervised learning approaches have been proposed to train neural networks using smaller amounts of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data. The performance of these semi-supervised methods significantly degrades as the size of labeled data decreases. We introduce Mutual-information-based Unsupervised & Semi-supervised Concurrent …
Negative-free contrastive learning methods have attracted a lot of attention with simplicity and impressive performances for large-scale pretraining. However, its disentanglement property remains unexplored. In this paper, we examine negative-free contrastive learning methods to study the disentanglement property empirically. We find that existing disentanglement metrics fail to make meaningful measurements for high-dimensional representation models, so we propose a new disentanglement metric based on Mutual Information between latent representations and data factors. With this proposed metric…
We present a framework for learning disentangled representation of CapsNet by information bottleneck constraint that distills information into a compact form and motivates to learn an interpretable factorized capsule. In our $β$-CapsNet framework, hyperparameter $β$ is utilized to trade-off disentanglement and other tasks, variational inference is utilized to convert the information bottleneck term into a KL divergence that is approximated as a constraint on the mean of the capsule. For supervised learning, class independent mask vector is used for understanding the types of variations synthet…
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing（山东省网络智能计算重点实验室）；University of Jinan（济南大学）；Jinan, 250022, China（济南市，250022，中国）
Disentanglement is a highly desirable property of representation due to its similarity with human's understanding and reasoning. This improves interpretability, enables the performance of down-stream tasks, and enables controllable generative models. However, this domain is challenged by the abstract notion and incomplete theories to support unsupervised disentanglement learning. We demonstrate the data itself, such as the orientation of images, plays a crucial role in disentanglement and instead of the factors, and the disentangled representations align the latent variables with the action se…
