Due to the extensive role of social networks in social media, it is easy for people to share the news, and it spreads faster than ever before. These platforms also have been exploited to share the rumor or fake information, which is a threat to society. One method to reduce the impact of fake information is making people aware of the correct information based on hard proof. In this work, first, we propose a propagation model called Competitive Independent Cascade Model with users' Bias (CICMB) that considers the presence of strong user bias towards different opinions, believes, or political parties. We further propose a method, called $k-TruthScore$, to identify an optimal set of truth campaigners from a given set of prospective truth campaigners to minimize the influence of rumor spreaders on the network. We compare $k-TruthScore$ with state of the art methods, and we measure their performances as the percentage of the saved nodes (nodes that would have believed in the fake news in the absence of the truth campaigners). We present these results on a few real-world networks, and the results show that $k-TruthScore$ method outperforms baseline methods.
Social media has become a popular means for people to consume news. Meanwhile, it also enables the wide dissemination of fake news, i.e., news with intentionally false information, which brings significant negative effects to the society. Thus, fake news detection is attracting increasing attention. However, fake news detection is a non-trivial task, which requires multi-source information such as news content, social context, and dynamic information. First, fake news is written to fool people, which makes it difficult to detect fake news simply based on news contents. In addition to news cont…
Consuming news from social media is becoming increasingly popular. However, social media also enables the widespread of fake news. Because of its detrimental effects brought by social media, fake news detection has attracted increasing attention. However, the performance of detecting fake news only from news content is generally limited as fake news pieces are written to mimic true news. In the real world, news pieces spread through propagation networks on social media. The news propagation networks usually involve multi-levels. In this paper, we study the challenging problem of investigating …
Social media is becoming popular for news consumption due to its fast dissemination, easy access, and low cost. However, it also enables the wide propagation of fake news, i.e., news with intentionally false information. Detecting fake news is an important task, which not only ensures users to receive authentic information but also help maintain a trustworthy news ecosystem. The majority of existing detection algorithms focus on finding clues from news contents, which are generally not effective because fake news is often intentionally written to mislead users by mimicking true news. Therefore…
Fake news gains has gained significant momentum, strongly motivating the need for fake news research. Many fake news detection approaches have thus been proposed, where most of them heavily rely on news content. However, network-based clues revealed when analyzing news propagation on social networks is an information that has hardly been comprehensively explored or used for fake news detection. We bridge this gap by proposing a network-based pattern-driven fake news detection approach. We aim to study the patterns of fake news in social networks, which refer to the news being spread, spreaders…
Social media for news consumption is becoming increasingly popular due to its easy access, fast dissemination, and low cost. However, social media also enable the wide propagation of "fake news", i.e., news with intentionally false information. Fake news on social media poses significant negative societal effects, and also presents unique challenges. To tackle the challenges, many existing works exploit various features, from a network perspective, to detect and mitigate fake news. In essence, news dissemination ecosystem involves three dimensions on social media, i.e., a content dimension, a …
Our work considers leveraging crowd signals for detecting fake news and is motivated by tools recently introduced by Facebook that enable users to flag fake news. By aggregating users' flags, our goal is to select a small subset of news every day, send them to an expert (e.g., via a third-party fact-checking organization), and stop the spread of news identified as fake by an expert. The main objective of our work is to minimize the spread of misinformation by stopping the propagation of fake news in the network. It is especially challenging to achieve this objective as it requires detecting fa…
Recently, the term "fake news" has been broadly and extensively utilized for disinformation, misinformation, hoaxes, propaganda, satire, rumors, click-bait, and junk news. It has become a serious problem around the world. We present a new system, FaNDS, that detects fake news efficiently. The system is based on several concepts used in some previous works but in a different context. There are two main concepts: an Inconsistency Graph and Energy Flow. The Inconsistency Graph contains news items as nodes and inconsistent opinions between them for edges. Energy Flow assigns each node an initial e…
Fake news in social media has quickly become one of the most discussed topics in today's society. With false information proliferating and causing a significant impact in the political, economical, and social domains, research efforts to analyze and automatically identify this type of content have being conducted in the past few years. In this paper, we attempt to summarize the principal findings on the topic of fake news in social media, highlighting the main research path taken and giving a particular focus on the detection of fake news and bot accounts.
Disinformation has long been regarded as a severe social problem, where fake news is one of the most representative issues. What is worse, today's highly developed social media makes fake news widely spread at incredible speed, bringing in substantial harm to various aspects of human life. Yet, the popularity of social media also provides opportunities to better detect fake news. Unlike conventional means which merely focus on either content or user comments, effective collaboration of heterogeneous social media information, including content and context factors of news, users' comments and th…
Online social networks have become a fertile ground for spreading fake news. Methods to automatically mitigate fake news propagation have been proposed. Some studies focus on selecting top k influential users on social networks as debunkers, but the social influence of debunkers may not translate to wide mitigation information propagation as expected. Other studies assume a given set of debunkers and focus on optimizing intensity for debunkers to publish true news, but as debunkers are fixed, even if with high social influence and/or high intensity to post true news, the true news may not reac…
Fake news can significantly misinform people who often rely on online sources and social media for their information. Current research on fake news detection has mostly focused on analyzing fake news content and how it propagates on a network of users. In this paper, we emphasize the detection of fake news by assessing its credibility. By analyzing public fake news data, we show that information on news sources (and authors) can be a strong indicator of credibility. Our findings suggest that an author's history of association with fake news, and the number of authors of a news article, can pla…
The COVID-19 pandemic has gained worldwide attention and allowed fake news, such as ``COVID-19 is the flu,'' to spread quickly and widely on social media. Combating this coronavirus infodemic demands effective methods to detect fake news. To this end, we propose a method to infer news credibility from hashtags involved in news dissemination on social media, motivated by the tight connection between hashtags and news credibility observed in our empirical analyses. We first introduce a new graph that captures all (direct and \textit{indirect}) relationships among hashtags. Then, a language-indep…
Massive dissemination of fake news and its potential to erode democracy has increased the demand for accurate fake news detection. Recent advancements in this area have proposed novel techniques that aim to detect fake news by exploring how it propagates on social networks. Nevertheless, to detect fake news at an early stage, i.e., when it is published on a news outlet but not yet spread on social media, one cannot rely on news propagation information as it does not exist. Hence, there is a strong need to develop approaches that can detect fake news by focusing on news content. In this paper, …
Many people use social networking services (SNSs) to easily access various news. There are numerous ways to obtain and share ``fake news,'' which are news carrying false information. To address fake news, several studies have been conducted for detecting fake news by using SNS-extracted features. In this study, we attempt to use temporal features generated from SNS posts by using a point process algorithm to identify fake news from real news. Temporal features in fake news detection have the advantage of robustness over existing features because it has minimal dependence on fake news propagato…
Consuming news from social media is becoming increasingly popular. Social media appeals to users due to its fast dissemination of information, low cost, and easy access. However, social media also enables the widespread of fake news. Because of the detrimental societal effects of fake news, detecting fake news has attracted increasing attention. However, the detection performance only using news contents is generally not satisfactory as fake news is written to mimic true news. Thus, there is a need for an in-depth understanding on the relationship between user profiles on social media and fake…
Syracuse University（雪城大学）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Individuals can be misled by fake news and spread it unintentionally without knowing it is false. This phenomenon has been frequently observed but has not been investigated. Our aim in this work is to assess the intent of fake news spreaders. To distinguish between intentional versus unintentional spreading, we study the psychological explanations of unintentional spreading. With this foundation, we then propose an influence graph, using which we assess the intent of fake news spreaders. Our extensive experiments show that the assessed intent can help significantly differentiate between intent…
Combating fake news needs a variety of defense methods. Although rumor detection and various linguistic analysis techniques are common methods to detect false content in social media, there are other feasible mitigation approaches that could be explored in the machine learning community. In this paper, we present open issues and opportunities in fake news research that need further attention. We first review different stages of the news life cycle in social media and discuss core vulnerability issues for news feed algorithms in propagating fake news content with three examples. We then discuss…
Fake news can have a significant negative impact on society because of the growing use of mobile devices and the worldwide increase in Internet access. It is therefore essential to develop a simple mathematical model to understand the online dissemination of fake news. In this study, we propose a point process model of the spread of fake news on Twitter. The proposed model describes the spread of a fake news item as a two-stage process: initially, fake news spreads as a piece of ordinary news; then, when most users start recognizing the falsity of the news item, that itself spreads as another …
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais（米纳斯吉拉斯联邦大学）；Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）
In this article, we quantitatively analyze how the term "fake news" is being shaped in news media in recent years. We study the perception and the conceptualization of this term in the traditional media using eight years of data collected from news outlets based in 20 countries. Our results not only corroborate previous indications of a high increase in the usage of the expression "fake news", but also show contextual changes around this expression after the United States presidential election of 2016. Among other results, we found changes in the related vocabulary, in the mentioned entities, …
University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）；Lehigh University（理海大学）
Disinformation and fake news have posed detrimental effects on individuals and society in recent years, attracting broad attention to fake news detection. The majority of existing fake news detection algorithms focus on mining news content and/or the surrounding exogenous context for discovering deceptive signals; while the endogenous preference of a user when he/she decides to spread a piece of fake news or not is ignored. The confirmation bias theory has indicated that a user is more likely to spread a piece of fake news when it confirms his/her existing beliefs/preferences. Users' historica…
Social media can be a double-edged sword for society, either as a convenient channel exchanging ideas or as an unexpected conduit circulating fake news through a large population. While existing studies of fake news focus on theoretical modeling of propagation or identification methods based on machine learning, it is important to understand the realistic mechanisms between theoretical models and black-box methods. Here we track large databases of fake news and real news in both, Weibo in China and Twitter in Japan from different culture, which include their complete traces of re-postings. We …
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Florida State University（佛罗里达州立大学）
With the development of social networks, fake news for various commercial and political purposes has been appearing in large numbers and gotten widespread in the online world. With deceptive words, people can get infected by the fake news very easily and will share them without any fact-checking. For instance, during the 2016 US president election, various kinds of fake news about the candidates widely spread through both official news media and the online social networks. These fake news is usually released to either smear the opponents or support the candidate on their side. The erroneous in…
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Charles River Analytics（查尔斯河分析公司）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
Social media for news consumption is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, its low cost, easy access, and rapid dissemination of information lead people to seek out and consume news from social media. On the other hand, it enables the wide spread of "fake news", i.e., low quality news with intentionally false information. The extensive spread of fake news has the potential for extremely negative impacts on individuals and society. Therefore, fake news detection on social media has recently become an emerging research that is attracting tremendous attention. Fake news detection on social media…
The problem of fake news has gained a lot of attention as it is claimed to have had a significant impact on 2016 US Presidential Elections. Fake news is not a new problem and its spread in social networks is well-studied. Often an underlying assumption in fake news discussion is that it is written to look like real news, fooling the reader who does not check for reliability of the sources or the arguments in its content. Through a unique study of three data sets and features that capture the style and the language of articles, we show that this assumption is not true. Fake news in most cases i…
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
The dissemination of fake news on social networks has drawn public need for effective and efficient fake news detection methods. Generally, fake news on social networks is multi-modal and has various connections with other entities such as users and posts. The heterogeneity in both news content and the relationship with other entities in social networks brings challenges to designing a model that comprehensively captures the local multi-modal semantics of entities in social networks and the global structural representation of the propagation patterns, so as to classify fake news effectively an…
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）
The dissemination of fake news significantly affects personal reputation and public trust. Recently, fake news detection has attracted tremendous attention, and previous studies mainly focused on finding clues from news content or diffusion path. However, the required features of previous models are often unavailable or insufficient in early detection scenarios, resulting in poor performance. Thus, early fake news detection remains a tough challenge. Intuitively, the news from trusted and authoritative sources or shared by many users with a good reputation is more reliable than other news. Usi…
Huazhong Agricultural University（华中农业大学）；University at Buffalo, The State University of New York（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）
Nowadays, social network platforms have been the prime source for people to experience news and events due to their capacities to spread information rapidly, which inevitably provides a fertile ground for the dissemination of fake news. Thus, it is significant to detect fake news otherwise it could cause public misleading and panic. Existing deep learning models have achieved great progress to tackle the problem of fake news detection. However, training an effective deep learning model usually requires a large amount of labeled news, while it is expensive and time-consuming to provide sufficie…
The increasing popularity of social media promotes the proliferation of fake news, which has caused significant negative societal effects. Therefore, fake news detection on social media has recently become an emerging research area of great concern. With the development of multimedia technology, fake news attempts to utilize multimedia content with images or videos to attract and mislead consumers for rapid dissemination, which makes visual content an important part of fake news. Despite the importance of visual content, our understanding of the role of visual content in fake news detection is…
The Stepwise Deception: Simulating the Evolution from True News to Fake News with LLM Agents
Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China（中国人民大学北京校区人工智能学院）；MBZUAI；Engineering Research Center of Next-Generation Intelligent Search and Recommendation, MoE（下一代智能搜索与推荐工程研究中心，教育部）；School of Artifcial Intelligence, Wuhan University（武汉大学人工智能学院）
This study investigates how fake news uses a thumbnail for a news article with a focus on whether a news article's thumbnail represents the news content correctly. A news article shared with an irrelevant thumbnail can mislead readers into having a wrong impression of the issue, especially in social media environments where users are less likely to click the link and consume the entire content. We propose to capture the degree of semantic incongruity in the multimodal relation by using the pretrained CLIP representation. From a source-level analysis, we found that fake news employs a more inco…
University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；University of Calicut（卡利卡特大学）
The generation and spread of fake news within new and online media sources is emerging as a phenomenon of high societal significance. Combating them using data-driven analytics has been attracting much recent scholarly interest. In this study, we analyze the textual coherence of fake news articles vis-a-vis legitimate ones. We develop three computational formulations of textual coherence drawing upon the state-of-the-art methods in natural language processing and data science. Two real-world datasets from widely different domains which have fake/legitimate article labellings are then analyzed …
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Illinois Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Bytedance（字节跳动）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）
Nowadays, fake news easily propagates through online social networks and becomes a grand threat to individuals and society. Assessing the authenticity of news is challenging due to its elaborately fabricated contents, making it difficult to obtain large-scale annotations for fake news data. Due to such data scarcity issues, detecting fake news tends to fail and overfit in the supervised setting. Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been adopted to leverage the richer relational information among both labeled and unlabeled instances. Despite their promising results, they are inherently f…
PRHLT Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学PRHLT研究中心）；University of Mannheim（曼海姆大学）
We present an approach to detect fake news in Twitter at the account level using a neural recurrent model and a variety of different semantic and stylistic features. Our method extracts a set of features from the timelines of news Twitter accounts by reading their posts as chunks, rather than dealing with each tweet independently. We show the experimental benefits of modeling latent stylistic signatures of mixed fake and real news with a sequential model over a wide range of strong baselines.
Nowadays, Internet is a primary source of attaining health information. Massive fake health news which is spreading over the Internet, has become a severe threat to public health. Numerous studies and research works have been done in fake news detection domain, however, few of them are designed to cope with the challenges in health news. For instance, the development of explainable is required for fake health news detection. To mitigate these problems, we construct a comprehensive repository, FakeHealth, which includes news contents with rich features, news reviews with detailed explanations, …
The increasing popularity of social media promotes the proliferation of fake news. With the development of multimedia technology, fake news attempts to utilize multimedia contents with images or videos to attract and mislead readers for rapid dissemination, which makes visual contents an important part of fake news. Fake-news images, images attached in fake news posts,include not only fake images which are maliciously tampered but also real images which are wrongly used to represent irrelevant events. Hence, how to fully exploit the inherent characteristics of fake-news images is an important …
The dynamics and influence of fake news on Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election remains to be clarified. Here, we use a dataset of 171 million tweets in the five months preceding the election day to identify 30 million tweets, from 2.2 million users, which contain a link to news outlets. Based on a classification of news outlets curated by www.opensources.co, we find that 25% of these tweets spread either fake or extremely biased news. We characterize the networks of information flow to find the most influential spreaders of fake and traditional news and use causal modeling to unco…
Fake news that manipulates political elections, strikes financial systems, and even incites riots is more viral than real news online, resulting in unstable societies and buffeted democracy. The easier contagion of fake news online can be causally explained by the greater anger it carries. The same results in Twitter and Weibo indicate that this mechanism is independent of the platform. Moreover, mutations in emotions like increasing anger will progressively speed up the information spread. Specifically, increasing the occupation of anger by 0.1 and reducing that of joy by 0.1 will produce nea…
MPPFND: A Dataset and Analysis of Detecting Fake News with Multi-Platform Propagation
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络安全学院）；Division of Emerging Interdisciplinary Areas, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学新兴交叉学科 division）
National Institute of Technology Calicut（国家理工学院卡利卡特分校）
People now see social media sites as their sole source of information due to their popularity. The Majority of people get their news through social media. At the same time, fake news has grown exponentially on social media platforms in recent years. Several artificial intelligence-based solutions for detecting fake news have shown promising results. On the other hand, these detection systems lack explanation capabilities, i.e., the ability to explain why they made a prediction. This paper highlights the current state of the art in explainable fake news detection. We discuss the pitfalls in the…
Nowadays, artificial intelligence algorithms are used for targeted and personalized content distribution in the large scale as part of the intense competition for attention in the digital media environment. Unfortunately, targeted information dissemination may result in intellectual isolation and discrimination. Further, as demonstrated in recent political events in the US and EU, malicious bots and social media users can create and propagate targeted `fake news' content in different forms for political gains. From the other direction, fake news detection algorithms attempt to combat such prob…
Users' involvement in creating and propagating news is a vital aspect of fake news detection in online social networks. Intuitively, credible users are more likely to share trustworthy news, while untrusted users have a higher probability of spreading untrustworthy news. In this paper, we construct a dual-layer graph (i.e., the news layer and the user layer) to extract multiple relations of news and users in social networks to derive rich information for detecting fake news. Based on the dual-layer graph, we propose a fake news detection model named Us-DeFake. It learns the propagation feature…
The explosive growth in fake news and its erosion to democracy, justice, and public trust has increased the demand for fake news detection and intervention. This survey reviews and evaluates methods that can detect fake news from four perspectives: (1) the false knowledge it carries, (2) its writing style, (3) its propagation patterns, and (4) the credibility of its source. The survey also highlights some potential research tasks based on the review. In particular, we identify and detail related fundamental theories across various disciplines to encourage interdisciplinary research on fake new…
Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）
With social media being a major force in information consumption, accelerated propagation of fake news has presented new challenges for platforms to distinguish between legitimate and fake news. Effective fake news detection is a non-trivial task due to the diverse nature of news domains and expensive annotation costs. In this work, we address the limitations of existing automated fake news detection models by incorporating auxiliary information (e.g., user comments and user-news interactions) into a novel reinforcement learning-based model called \textbf{RE}inforced \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{…
The viral spread of fake news has caused great social harm, making fake news detection an urgent task. Current fake news detection methods rely heavily on text information by learning the extracted news content or writing style of internal knowledge. However, deliberate rumors can mask writing style, bypassing language models and invalidating simple text-based models. In fact, news articles and other related components (such as news creators and news topics) can be modeled as a heterogeneous information network (HIN for short). In this paper, we propose a novel fake news detection framework, n…
The dissemination of fake news intended to deceive people, influence public opinion and manipulate social outcomes, has become a pressing problem on social media. Moreover, information sharing on social media facilitates diffusion of viral information cascades. In this work, we focus on understanding and leveraging diffusion dynamics of false and legitimate contents in order to facilitate network interventions for fake news mitigation. We analyze real-world Twitter datasets comprising fake and true news cascades, to understand differences in diffusion dynamics and user behaviours with regards …
Social networks (SNs) are increasingly important sources of news for many people. The online connections made by users allows information to spread more easily than traditional news media (e.g., newspaper, television). However, they also make the spread of fake news easier than in traditional media, especially through the users' social network connections. In this paper, we focus on investigating if the SNs' users connection structure can aid fake news detection on Twitter. In particular, we propose to embed users based on their follower or friendship networks on the Twitter platform, so as to…
Florida State University（佛罗里达州立大学）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）
In recent years, due to the booming development of online social networks, fake news for various commercial and political purposes has been appearing in large numbers and widespread in the online world. With deceptive words, online social network users can get infected by these online fake news easily, which has brought about tremendous effects on the offline society already. An important goal in improving the trustworthiness of information in online social networks is to identify the fake news timely. This paper aims at investigating the principles, methodologies and algorithms for detecting …
Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院智能信息处理重点实验室）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Fake news detection is crucial for preventing the dissemination of misinformation on social media. To differentiate fake news from real ones, existing methods observe the language patterns of the news post and "zoom in" to verify its content with knowledge sources or check its readers' replies. However, these methods neglect the information in the external news environment where a fake news post is created and disseminated. The news environment represents recent mainstream media opinion and public attention, which is an important inspiration of fake news fabrication because fake news is often …
The spread of fake news on online social networks (OSNs) has become a matter of concern. These platforms are also used for propagating important authentic information. Thus, there is a need for mitigating fake news without significantly influencing the spread of real news. We leverage users' inherent capabilities of identifying fake news and propose a warning-based control mechanism to curb this spread. Warnings are based on previous users' responses that indicate the authenticity of the news. We use population-size dependent continuous-time multi-type branching processes to describe the sprea…
Recent studies have confirmed a growing trend, especially among youngsters, of using Online Social Media as favourite information platform at the expense of traditional mass media. Indeed, they can easily reach a wide audience at a high speed; but exactly because of this they are the preferred medium for influencing public opinion via so-called fake news. Moreover, there is a general agreement that the main vehicle of fakes news are malicious software robots (bots) that automatically interact with human users. In previous work we have considered the problem of tagging human users in Online Soc…
AdVerifai；The George Washington University（乔治华盛顿大学）；Amazon AWS AI（亚马逊AWS人工智能）
The blurry line between nefarious fake news and protected-speech satire has been a notorious struggle for social media platforms. Further to the efforts of reducing exposure to misinformation on social media, purveyors of fake news have begun to masquerade as satire sites to avoid being demoted. In this work, we address the challenge of automatically classifying fake news versus satire. Previous work have studied whether fake news and satire can be distinguished based on language differences. Contrary to fake news, satire stories are usually humorous and carry some political or social message.…
Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University（武汉大学弘毅学堂）；University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）
News plays a significant role in shaping people's beliefs and opinions. Fake news has always been a problem, which wasn't exposed to the mass public until the past election cycle for the 45th President of the United States. While quite a few detection methods have been proposed to combat fake news since 2015, they focus mainly on linguistic aspects of an article without any fact checking. In this paper, we argue that these models have the potential to misclassify fact-tampering fake news as well as under-written real news. Through experiments on Fakebox, a state-of-the-art fake news detector, …
