Early Detection of Fake News by Utilizing the Credibility of News, Publishers, and Users Based on Weakly Supervised Learning
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）
Chunyuan Yuan, Qianwen Ma, Wei Zhou, Jizhong Han, Songlin Hu
The dissemination of fake news significantly affects personal reputation and public trust. Recently, fake news detection has attracted tremendous attention, and previous studies mainly focused on finding clues from news content or diffusion path. However, the required features of previous models are often unavailable or insufficient in early detection scenarios, resulting in poor performance. Thus, early fake news detection remains a tough challenge. Intuitively, the news from trusted and authoritative sources or shared by many users with a good reputation is more reliable than other news. Using the credibility of publishers and users as prior weakly supervised information, we can quickly locate fake news in massive news and detect them in the early stages of dissemination.
In this paper, we propose a novel Structure-aware Multi-head Attention Network (SMAN), which combines the news content, publishing, and reposting relations of publishers and users, to jointly optimize the fake news detection and credibility prediction tasks. In this way, we can explicitly exploit the credibility of publishers and users for early fake news detection. We conducted experiments on three real-world datasets, and the results show that SMAN can detect fake news in 4 hours with an accuracy of over 91%, which is much faster than the state-of-the-art models.
Fake news can significantly misinform people who often rely on online sources and social media for their information. Current research on fake news detection has mostly focused on analyzing fake news content and how it propagates on a network of users. In this paper, we emphasize the detection of fake news by assessing its credibility. By analyzing public fake news data, we show that information on news sources (and authors) can be a strong indicator of credibility. Our findings suggest that an author's history of association with fake news, and the number of authors of a news article, can pla…
In recent years, with the expansion of the Internet and attractive social media infrastructures, people prefer to follow the news through these media. Despite the many advantages of these media in the news field, the lack of any control and verification mechanism has led to the spread of fake news, as one of the most important threats to democracy, economy, journalism and freedom of expression. Designing and using automatic methods to detect fake news on social media has become a significant challenge. In this paper, we examine the publishers' role in detecting fake news on social media. We al…
Huazhong Agricultural University（华中农业大学）；University at Buffalo, The State University of New York（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）
Nowadays, social network platforms have been the prime source for people to experience news and events due to their capacities to spread information rapidly, which inevitably provides a fertile ground for the dissemination of fake news. Thus, it is significant to detect fake news otherwise it could cause public misleading and panic. Existing deep learning models have achieved great progress to tackle the problem of fake news detection. However, training an effective deep learning model usually requires a large amount of labeled news, while it is expensive and time-consuming to provide sufficie…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Renmin University of China（中国人民大学）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）
Emotion plays an important role in detecting fake news online. When leveraging emotional signals, the existing methods focus on exploiting the emotions of news contents that conveyed by the publishers (i.e., publisher emotion). However, fake news often evokes high-arousal or activating emotions of people, so the emotions of news comments aroused in the crowd (i.e., social emotion) should not be ignored. Furthermore, it remains to be explored whether there exists a relationship between publisher emotion and social emotion (i.e., dual emotion), and how the dual emotion appears in fake news. In t…
The proliferation of fake news, i.e., news intentionally spread for misinformation, poses a threat to individuals and society. Despite various fact-checking websites such as PolitiFact, robust detection techniques are required to deal with the increase in fake news. Several deep learning models show promising results for fake news classification, however, their black-box nature makes it difficult to explain their classification decisions and quality-assure the models. We here address this problem by proposing a novel interpretable fake news detection framework based on the recently introduced …
This paper reports on a writing style analysis of hyperpartisan (i.e., extremely one-sided) news in connection to fake news. It presents a large corpus of 1,627 articles that were manually fact-checked by professional journalists from BuzzFeed. The articles originated from 9 well-known political publishers, 3 each from the mainstream, the hyperpartisan left-wing, and the hyperpartisan right-wing. In sum, the corpus contains 299 fake news, 97% of which originated from hyperpartisan publishers. We propose and demonstrate a new way of assessing style similarity between text categories via Unmaski…
The explosive growth in fake news and its erosion to democracy, justice, and public trust has increased the demand for fake news detection and intervention. This survey reviews and evaluates methods that can detect fake news from four perspectives: (1) the false knowledge it carries, (2) its writing style, (3) its propagation patterns, and (4) the credibility of its source. The survey also highlights some potential research tasks based on the review. In particular, we identify and detail related fundamental theories across various disciplines to encourage interdisciplinary research on fake new…
As the spread of false information on the internet has increased dramatically in recent years, more and more attention is being paid to automated fake news detection. Some fake news detection methods are already quite successful. Nevertheless, there are still many vulnerabilities in the detection algorithms. The reason for this is that fake news publishers can structure and formulate their texts in such a way that a detection algorithm does not expose this text as fake news. This paper shows that it is possible to automatically attack state-of-the-art models that have been trained to detect Fa…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Florida State University（佛罗里达州立大学）
With the development of social networks, fake news for various commercial and political purposes has been appearing in large numbers and gotten widespread in the online world. With deceptive words, people can get infected by the fake news very easily and will share them without any fact-checking. For instance, during the 2016 US president election, various kinds of fake news about the candidates widely spread through both official news media and the online social networks. These fake news is usually released to either smear the opponents or support the candidate on their side. The erroneous in…
Fake news detection is an important task for increasing the credibility of information on the media since fake news is constantly spreading on social media every day and it is a very serious concern in our society. Fake news is usually created by manipulating images, texts, and videos. In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting fake news by fusing multimodal features derived from textual and visual data. Specifically, we used a pre-trained BERT model to learn text features and a VGG-19 model pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset to extract image features. We proposed a scale-dot prod…
University of Sharjah（沙迦大学）；Western University（韦仕敦大学）
Social media is becoming a source of news for many people due to its ease and freedom of use. As a result, fake news has been spreading quickly and easily regardless of its credibility, especially in the last decade. Fake news publishers take advantage of critical situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the American presidential elections to affect societies negatively. Fake news can seriously impact society in many fields including politics, finance, sports, etc. Many studies have been conducted to help detect fake news in English, but research conducted on fake news detection in the Ara…
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani（比尔拉理工学院）
Easier access to the internet and social media has made disseminating information through online sources very easy. Sources like Facebook, Twitter, online news sites and personal blogs of self-proclaimed journalists have become significant players in providing news content. The sheer amount of information and the speed at which it is generated online makes it practically beyond the scope of human verification. There is, hence, a pressing need to develop technologies that can assist humans with automatic fact-checking and reliable identification of fake news. This paper summarizes the multiple …
University of Connecticut（康涅狄格大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）
The growing societal dependence on social media and user generated content for news and information has increased the influence of unreliable sources and fake content, which muddles public discourse and lessens trust in the media. Validating the credibility of such information is a difficult task that is susceptible to confirmation bias, leading to the development of algorithmic techniques to distinguish between fake and real news. However, most existing methods are challenging to interpret, making it difficult to establish trust in predictions, and make assumptions that are unrealistic in man…
Debunk and Infer: Multimodal Fake News Detection via Diffusion-Generated Evidence and LLM Reasoning
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；Beihang University（北航）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University（北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心，清华大学）；Department of Automation, Tsinghua University（清华大学自动化系）
TieFake: Title-Text Similarity and Emotion-Aware Fake News Detection
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation（中国电子科技集团公司第三十研究所）
In recent years, misinformation on the Web has become increasingly rampant. The research community has responded by proposing systems and challenges, which are beginning to be useful for (various subtasks of) detecting misinformation. However, most proposed systems are based on deep learning techniques which are fine-tuned to specific domains, are difficult to interpret and produce results which are not machine readable. This limits their applicability and adoption as they can only be used by a select expert audience in very specific settings. In this paper we propose an architecture based on …
External Reliable Information-enhanced Multimodal Contrastive Learning for Fake News Detection
School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学网络空间安全学院）；Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information of Ministry of Education of China（中国教育部计算机网络与信息重点实验室）；Purple Mountain Laboratories（紫金山实验室）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学计算机科学与工程学院）；Engineering Research Center of Blockchain Application, Supervision And Management (Southeast University), Ministry of Education（教育部区块链应用监管与管理工程研究中心（东南大学））
针对多模态假新闻检测中信息利用不充分及外部信息静态化的问题，提出外部可靠信息增强多模态对比学习框架 ERIC-FND，通过实体增强、多模态对比学习与自适应融合提升检测效果，在 X 和 Weibo 数据集上优于现有方法。
FakeZero: Real-Time, Privacy-Preserving Misinformation Detection for Facebook and X
College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University（计算学院，摩洛哥穆莱·易卜拉欣polytechnic大学）；Cadi Ayyad University, National School of Applied Science of Safi, MISCOM Lab（卡迪·阿亚德大学，萨菲应用科学国家学校，MISCOM实验室）
Head-wise Modality Specialization within MLLMs for Robust Fake News Detection under Missing Modality
Soochow University（苏州大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学计算机科学与工程系）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；FiT, Tencent（腾讯FiT）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学计算机科学与工程学院）；School of Education, Zhejiang Normal University（浙江师范大学教育学院）
The advancement in technology and accessibility of internet to each individual is revolutionizing the real time information. The liberty to express your thoughts without passing through any credibility check is leading to dissemination of fake content in the ecosystem. It can have disastrous effects on both individuals and society as a whole. The amplification of fake news is becoming rampant in India too. Debunked information often gets republished with a replacement description, claiming it to depict some different incidence. To curb such fabricated stories, it is necessary to investigate su…
Vellore Institute of Technology（韦洛尔理工学院）；Georgia State University（佐治亚州立大学）
In this modern era, communication has become faster and easier. This means fallacious information can spread as fast as reality. Considering the damage that fake news kindles on the psychology of people and the fact that such news proliferates faster than truth, we need to study the phenomenon that helps spread fake news. An unbiased data set that depends on reality for rating news is necessary to construct predictive models for its classification. This paper describes the methodology to create such a data set. We collect our data from snopes.com which is a fact-checking organization. Furtherm…
SDA Research（SDA研究院）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Ohio（俄亥俄大学）；Fraunhofer IAIS（弗劳恩霍夫智能分析与信息系统研究所）
With the growth of the internet, the number of fake-news online has been proliferating every year. The consequences of such phenomena are manifold, ranging from lousy decision-making process to bullying and violence episodes. Therefore, fact-checking algorithms became a valuable asset. To this aim, an important step to detect fake-news is to have access to a credibility score for a given information source. However, most of the widely used Web indicators have either been shut-down to the public (e.g., Google PageRank) or are not free for use (Alexa Rank). Further existing databases are short-m…
Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU（哈马德·本·哈利法大学卡塔尔计算研究所）
We study the problem of finding fake online news. This is an important problem as news of questionable credibility have recently been proliferating in social media at an alarming scale. As this is an understudied problem, especially for languages other than English, we first collect and release to the research community three new balanced credible vs. fake news datasets derived from four online sources. We then propose a language-independent approach for automatically distinguishing credible from fake news, based on a rich feature set. In particular, we use linguistic (n-gram), credibility-rel…
Utilization of Multinomial Naive Bayes Algorithm and Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF Vectorizer) in Checking the Credibility of News Tweet in the Philippines
College of Engineering and Technology（工程与技术学院）；Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila（马尼拉市立大学）
Texas A&M University（得克萨斯农工大学）；Washington State University（华盛顿州立大学）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）
In this demo paper, we present the XFake system, an explainable fake news detector that assists end-users to identify news credibility. To effectively detect and interpret the fakeness of news items, we jointly consider both attributes (e.g., speaker) and statements. Specifically, MIMIC, ATTN and PERT frameworks are designed, where MIMIC is built for attribute analysis, ATTN is for statement semantic analysis and PERT is for statement linguistic analysis. Beyond the explanations extracted from the designed frameworks, relevant supporting examples as well as visualization are further provided t…
Institute WeST, University of Koblenz-Landau（科布伦茨-兰道大学WeST研究所）
Social media platforms are vulnerable to fake news dissemination, which causes negative consequences such as panic and wrong medication in the healthcare domain. Therefore, it is important to automatically detect fake news in an early stage before they get widely spread. This paper analyzes the impact of incorporating content information, prior knowledge, and credibility of sources into models for the early detection of fake news. We propose a framework modeling those features by using BERT language model and external sources, namely Simple English Wikipedia and source reliability tags. The co…
Università degli Studi di Torino（都灵大学）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）；PRHLT Research Center（PRHLT研究中心）；Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学）
With the explosive growth of online social media, the ancient problem of information disorders interfering with news diffusion has surfaced with a renewed intensity threatening our democracies, public health, and news outlets' credibility. Therefore, thousands of scientific papers have been published in a relatively short period, making researchers of different disciplines struggle with an information overload problem. The aim of this survey is threefold: (1) we present the results of a network-based analysis of the existing multidisciplinary literature to support the search for relevant trend…
Have LLMs Reopened the Pandora's Box of AI-Generated Fake News?
College of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学信息科学与技术学院）；Bellisario College of Communications, Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学贝里萨里奥传播学院）；Sungkyunkwan University（成均馆大学）
University of Warwick（华威大学）；Alan Turing Institute（艾伦·图灵研究所）
As the digital news industry becomes the main channel of information dissemination, the adverse impact of fake news is explosively magnified. The credibility of a news report should not be considered in isolation. Rather, previously published news articles on the similar event could be used to assess the credibility of a news report. Inspired by this, we propose a BERT-based multimodal unreliable news detection framework, which captures both textual and visual information from unreliable articles utilising the contrastive learning strategy. The contrastive learner interacts with the unreliable…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Amazon Inc.（亚马逊公司）
Misinformation such as fake news is one of the big challenges of our society. Research on automated fact-checking has proposed methods based on supervised learning, but these approaches do not consider external evidence apart from labeled training instances. Recent approaches counter this deficit by considering external sources related to a claim. However, these methods require substantial feature modeling and rich lexicons. This paper overcomes these limitations of prior work with an end-to-end model for evidence-aware credibility assessment of arbitrary textual claims, without any human inte…
Robust Fake News Detection using Large Language Models under Adversarial Sentiment Attacks
TIB – Leibniz Information Centre for Science；TIB -- Leibniz Information Centre for Science；Marburg University \& Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence (hessian.AI) Marburg/Darmstadt；\ TIB \& L3S Research Center Hannover Germany
Development of methods to detect fake news (FN) in low-resource languages has been impeded by a lack of training data. In this study, we solve the problem by using only training data from a high-resource language. Our FN-detection system permitted this strategy by applying adversarial learning that transfers the detection knowledge through languages. To assist the knowledge transfer, our system judges the reliability of articles by exploiting source information, which is a cross-lingual feature that represents the credibility of the speaker. In experiments, our system got 3.71% higher accuracy…
Hybrid Feature Combinations with CNN for Bangla Fake News Classification
School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology（信息科学与技术学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh（计算机科学与工程系）；School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Changzhou University（计算机科学与人工智能学院）
Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Universität des Saarlandes（萨尔大学）
One of the major hurdles preventing the full exploitation of information from online communities is the widespread concern regarding the quality and credibility of user-contributed content. Prior works in this domain operate on a static snapshot of the community, making strong assumptions about the structure of the data (e.g., relational tables), or consider only shallow features for text classification. To address the above limitations, we propose probabilistic graphical models that can leverage the joint interplay between multiple factors in online communities --- like user interactions, com…
A Dynamic Knowledge Update-Driven Model with Large Language Models for Fake News Detection
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cognitive Computing and Application, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University（天津认知计算与应用重点实验室，智能与计算学院，天津大学）；Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Application Technology, Qinghai Minzu University（人工智能应用技术重点实验室，青海民族大学）；Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences（杭州医学研究院，中国科学院）
A Cross-Cultural Assessment of Human Ability to Detect LLM-Generated Fake News about South Africa
IU International University of Applied Sciences, Germany（国际应用科学大学）；Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Germany（卡尔斯鲁厄应用科学大学）；Applied Information Systems, University of Johannesburg, South Africa（应用信息系统，约翰内斯堡大学）
Multimodal Detection of Fake Reviews using BERT and ResNet-50
College of Business Administration Kansas State University Manhattan, USA（商学院学院 华盛顿州立大学 曼哈顿 美国）；Department of Computer Science Kansas State University Manhattan, USA（计算机科学系 华盛顿州立大学 曼哈顿 美国）
针对单模态检测无法捕捉跨模态语义不一致的问题，提出集成 BERT 文本与 ResNet-50 图像特征的多模态虚假评论检测框架，在 21,142 张图像数据集上 F1 达 0.934，有效识别图文不一致的虚假评论。
The unmoderated nature of social media enables the diffusion of hoaxes, which in turn jeopardises the credibility of information gathered from social media platforms. Existing research on automated detection of hoaxes has the limitation of using relatively small datasets, owing to the difficulty of getting labelled data. This in turn has limited research exploring early detection of hoaxes as well as exploring other factors such as the effect of the size of the training data or the use of sliding windows. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a semi-automated method that leverages the Wikidat…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）
Online reviews provide viewpoints on the strengths and shortcomings of products/services, influencing potential customers' purchasing decisions. However, the proliferation of non-credible reviews -- either fake (promoting/ demoting an item), incompetent (involving irrelevant aspects), or biased -- entails the problem of identifying credible reviews. Prior works involve classifiers harnessing rich information about items/users -- which might not be readily available in several domains -- that provide only limited interpretability as to why a review is deemed non-credible. This paper presents a …
