The Simons Observatory: gain, bandpass and polarization-angle calibration requirements for B-mode searches
Maximilian H. Abitbol, David Alonso, Sara M. Simon, Jack Lashner, Kevin T. Crowley, Aamir M. Ali, Susanna Azzoni, Carlo Baccigalupi, Darcy Barron, Michael L. Br… 展开作者
Maximilian H. Abitbol, David Alonso, Sara M. Simon, Jack Lashner, Kevin T. Crowley, Aamir M. Ali, Susanna Azzoni, Carlo Baccigalupi, Darcy Barron, Michael L. Brown, Erminia Calabrese, Julien Carron, Yuji Chinone, Jens Chluba, Gabriele Coppi, Kevin D. Crowley, Mark Devlin, Jo Dunkley, Josquin Errard, Valentina Fanfani, Nicholas Galitzki, Martina Gerbino, J. Colin Hill, Bradley R. Johnson, Baptiste Jost, Brian Keating, Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff, Akito Kusaka, Adrian T. Lee, Thibaut Louis, Mathew S. Madhavacheril, Heather McCarrick, Jeffrey McMahon, P. Daniel Meerburg, Federico Nati, Haruki Nishino, Lyman A. Page, Davide Poletti, Giuseppe Puglisi, Michael J. Randall, Aditya Rotti, Jacob Spisak, Aritoki Suzuki, Grant P. Teply, Clara Vergès, Edward J. Wollack, Zhilei Xu, Mario Zannoni
We quantify the calibration requirements for systematic uncertainties for next-generation ground-based observatories targeting the large-angle $B$-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background, with a focus on the Simons Observatory (SO). We explore uncertainties on gain calibration, bandpass center frequencies, and polarization angles, including the frequency variation of the latter across the bandpass. We find that gain calibration and bandpass center frequencies must be known to percent levels or less to avoid biases on the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ on the order of $Δr\sim10^{-3}$, in line with previous findings. Polarization angles must be calibrated to the level of a few tenths of a degree, while their frequency variation between the edges of the band must be known to ${\cal O}(10)$ degrees. Given the tightness of these calibration requirements, we explore the level to which residual uncertainties on these systematics would affect the final constraints on $r$ if included in the data model and marginalized over. We find that the additional parameter freedom does not degrade the final constraints on $r$ significantly, broadening the error bar by ${\cal O}(10\%)$ at most. We validate these results by reanalyzing the latest publicly available data from the BICEP2/Keck collaboration within an extended parameter space covering both cosmological, foreground and systematic parameters. Finally, our results are discussed in light of the instrument design and calibration studies carried out within SO.
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a set of cosmic microwave background instruments that will be deployed in the Atacama Desert in Chile. The key science goals include setting new constraints on cosmic inflation, measuring large scale structure with gravitational lensing, and constraining neutrino masses. Meeting these science goals with SO requires high sensitivity and improved calibration techniques. In this paper, we highlight a few of the most important instrument calibrations, including spectral response, gain stability, and polarization angle calibrations. We present their requirements for S…
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiment to observe the microwave sky in six frequency bands from 30GHz to 290GHz. The Observatory -- at $\sim$5200m altitude -- comprises three Small Aperture Telescopes (SATs) and one Large Aperture Telescope (LAT) at the Atacama Desert, Chile. This research note describes the design and current status of the LAT along with its future timeline.
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a suite of instruments sensitive to temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) to be located at Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in Chile. Five telescopes, one large aperture telescope and four small aperture telescopes, will host roughly 70,000 highly multiplexed transition edge sensor (TES) detectors operated at 100 mK. Each SO focal plane module (UFM) couples 1,764 TESes to microwave resonators in a microwave multiplexing (uMux) readout circuit. Before detector integration, the 100 mK uMux components are packaged into multiplexing mo…
In the near future, the overlap of the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and the Simons Observatory (SO) will present an ideal opportunity for joint cosmological dataset analyses. In this paper we simulate the joint likelihood analysis of these two experiments using six two-point functions derived from galaxy position, galaxy shear, and CMB lensing convergence fields. Our analysis focuses on realistic noise and systematics models and we find that the dark energy Figure-of-Merit (FoM) increases by 53% (92%) from LSST-only to LSST+SO in Year 1 (Year 6). We also investigate…
In this proceeding, we present studies of instrumental systematic effects for the Simons Obsevatory (SO) that are associated with the detector system and its interaction with the full SO experimental systems. SO will measure the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature and polarization anisotropies over a wide range of angular scales in six bands with bandcenters spanning from 27 GHz to 270 GHz. We explore effects including intensity-to-polarization leakage due to coupling optics, bolometer nonlinearity, uncalibrated gain variations of bolometers, and readout crosstalk. We model the level…
Observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are an incredibly fertile source of information for studying the origins and evolution of the Universe. Canadian digital research infrastructure (DRI) has played a key role in reducing ever-larger quantities of raw data into maps of the CMB suitable for scientific analysis, as exemplified by the many scientific results produced by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) over the past decade. The Simons Observatory (SO), due to start observing in 2023, will be able to measure the CMB with about an order of magnitude more sensitivity than ACT a…
Upcoming observations from the Simons Observatory have been projected to constrain the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, at the level of $σ(r)=$0.003. Here we describe one of the forecasting algorithms for the Simons Observatory in more detail, based on cleaning CMB polarization maps using a parametric model. We present a new code to perform this end-to-end forecast, and explore the assumptions in greater detail. If spatial uniformity of the spectral energy distribution of synchrotron radiation and thermal dust emission is assumed over the region planned for observations, covering almost a fifth of…
The Simons Observatory (SO) will observe the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) over a wide range of frequencies (27 to 270 GHz) and angular scales by using both small (0.5 m) and large (6 m) aperture telescopes. The SO small aperture telescopes will target degree angular scales where the primordial B-mode polarization signal is expected to peak. The incoming polarization signal of the small aperture telescopes will be modulated by a cryogenic, continuously-rotating half-wave plate (CRHWP) to mitigate systematic effects arising from slowly varyin…
The Simons Observatory: Design and Initial Performance of the Detector Readout System for the Large-Aperture Telescope
Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology（卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（SLAC国家加速器实验室）；University of California San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）
The Simons Observatory (SO) Large Aperture Telescope Receiver (LATR) will be coupled to the Large Aperture Telescope located at an elevation of 5,200 m on Cerro Toco in Chile. The resulting instrument will produce arcminute-resolution millimeter-wave maps of half the sky with unprecedented precision. The LATR is the largest cryogenic millimeter-wave camera built to date with a diameter of 2.4 m and a length of 2.6 m. It cools 1200 kg of material to 4 K and 200 kg to 100 mk, the operating temperature of the bolometric detectors with bands centered around 27, 39, 93, 145, 225, and 280 GHz. Ultim…
Advances in cosmic microwave background (CMB) science depend on increasing the number of sensitive detectors observing the sky. New instruments deploy large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers tiled densely into ever larger focal planes. High multiplexing factors reduce the thermal loading on the cryogenic receivers and simplify their design. We present the design of focal-plane modules with an order of magnitude higher multiplexing factor than has previously been achieved with TES bolometers. We focus on the novel cold readout component, which employs microwave S…
The Simons Observatory (SO) includes four telescopes that will measure the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background using over 60,000 highly sensitive transition-edge bolometers (TES). These multichroic TES bolometers are read out by a microwave RF SQUID multiplexing system with a multiplexing factor of 910. Given that both TESes and SQUIDs are susceptible to magnetic field pickup and that it is hard to predict how they will respond to such fields, it is important to characterize the magnetic response of these systems empirically. This information can then be used to lim…
The Simons Observatory (SO) will provide precision polarimetry of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using a series of telescopes which will cover angular scales from arc-minutes to tens of degrees, contain over 60,000 detectors, and observe in frequency bands between 27 GHz and 270 GHz. SO will consist of a six-meter-aperture telescope initially coupled to ~35,000 detectors along with an array of 0.5m aperture refractive cameras, coupled to an additional 30,000+ detectors. The large aperture telescope receiver (LATR) is coupled to a six-meter crossed Dragone telescope and will be 2.4m in d…
We present a reproduction of the Planck 2018 angular power spectra at $\ell > 30$, and associated covariance matrices, for intensity and polarization maps at 100, 143 and 217 GHz. This uses a new, publicly available, pipeline that is part of the PSpipe package. As a test case we use the same input maps, ancillary products, and analysis choices as in the Planck 2018 analysis, and find that we can reproduce the spectra to 0.1$σ$ precision, and the covariance matrices to 10%. We show that cosmological parameters estimated from our re-derived products agree with the public Planck products to 0.1$σ…
The Simons Observatory: Quantifying the impact of beam chromaticity on large-scale B-mode science
University of Milano-Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；University of Iceland（冰岛大学）；Stockholm University（斯德哥尔摩大学）；The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)（国际高等研究院）；The National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)（意大利国家核物理研究所）
The Simons Observatory: Commissioning of the Mid-Frequency Small Aperture Telescopes
High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory（阿贡国家实验室高能物理部）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学天体物理学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California（南加州大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校物理系）；Weinberg Institute for Theoretical Physics, Texas Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics（韦恩伯格理论物理研究所、德州宇宙学与粒子物理中心）；Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学杰弗里·亨利物理实验室）；Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo（东京大学 Kavli宇宙起源研究所（WPI）、UTIAS）；Department of Physics, University of Chicago（芝加哥大学物理系）
Observing in six frequency bands from 27 to 280 GHz over a large sky area, the Simons Observatory (SO) is poised to address many questions in Galactic astrophysics in addition to its principal cosmological goals. In this work, we provide quantitative forecasts on astrophysical parameters of interest for a range of Galactic science cases. We find that SO can: constrain the frequency spectrum of polarized dust emission at a level of $Δβ_d \lesssim 0.01$ and thus test models of dust composition that predict that $β_d$ in polarization differs from that measured in total intensity; measure the corr…
Forecasting Constraints on Non-Thermal Light Massive Relics from Future CMB Experiments (CMB-S4/Simons Observatory)
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research（印度科学教育研究所）；Harish-Chandra Research Institute, A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute（哈里什-昌德拉研究所，霍米·巴巴国立学院成员机构）；Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University（亚琛工业大学理论粒子物理与宇宙学研究所（TTK））；Indian Institute of Astrophysics（印度天体物理研究所）
Extragalactic foregrounds are known to constitute a limiting systematic in temperature-based CMB lensing with AdvACT, SPT-3G, Simons Observatory and CMB S4. Furthermore, since these foregrounds are emitted at cosmological distances, they are also themselves lensed. The correlation between this foreground lensing and CMB lensing causes an additional bias in CMB lensing estimators. In this paper, we quantify for the first time this "lensed foreground bias" for the standard CMB lensing quadratic estimator, the CMB shear and the CMB magnification estimators, in the case of Simons Observatory and i…
New telescopes are being built to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) with unprecedented sensitivity, including Simons Observatory (SO), CCAT-prime, the BICEP Array, SPT-3G, and CMB Stage-4. We present observing strategies for telescopes located in Chile that are informed by the tools used to develop recent Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) and Polarbear surveys. As with ACT and Polarbear, these strategies are composed of scans that sweep in azimuth at constant elevation. We explore observing strategies for both small (0.42 m) aperture telescopes (SAT) and a large (6 m) aperture tele…
The Simons Observatory (SO) is a new cosmic microwave background experiment being built on Cerro Toco in Chile, due to begin observations in the early 2020s. We describe the scientific goals of the experiment, motivate the design, and forecast its performance. SO will measure the temperature and polarization anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background in six frequency bands: 27, 39, 93, 145, 225 and 280 GHz. The initial configuration of SO will have three small-aperture 0.5-m telescopes (SATs) and one large-aperture 6-m telescope (LAT), with a total of 60,000 cryogenic bolometers. Our key sc…
We study a strategy to determine miscalibrated polarization angles of cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments using the observed $EB$ polarization power spectra of CMB and Galactic foreground emission. We apply the methodology of Minami et al.(2019) developed for full-sky observations to ground-based experiments such as Simons Observatory. We take into account the $E$-to-$B$ leakage and $\ell$-to-$\ell$ covariance due to partial sky coverage using the public code NaMaster. We show that our method yields an unbiased estimate of miscalibrated angles. Our method also enables simultaneous de…
