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arXiv 2008.09700astro-ph.EPastro-ph.IM
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暖H2-rich系外行星大气中霾的形成

Haze Formation in Warm H2-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres

Chao He, Sarah M. Horst, Nikole K. Lewis, Xinting Yu, Julianne I. Moses, Patricia McGuiggan, Mark S. Marley, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Caroline V. Morley, Jeff A. V… 展开作者

Chao He, Sarah M. Horst, Nikole K. Lewis, Xinting Yu, Julianne I. Moses, Patricia McGuiggan, Mark S. Marley, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Caroline V. Morley, Jeff A. Valenti, Veronique Vuitton

摘要:

未来几年内,新的观测能力将上线,这将为描述系外行星大气层的特征提供机会。然而,许多系外行星的大气层中可能存在云/雾,使光谱特征的振幅减弱。我们使用实验室模拟探索光化学烟雾形成在富含H2的系外行星大气中,在800 K的金属量为100和1000倍的太阳。我们发现,烟雾颗粒产生在两个模拟大气中具有小的颗粒尺寸(20至140 nm)和相对低的生产率(2.4 × 10-5至9.7 × 10-5毫克cm-3小时-1),但颗粒尺寸和生产率是依赖于初始气体混合物和模拟实验中使用的能源。气相质谱显示,在这些大气中发生了复杂的化学过程,并产生了新的气体产物,这些产物可以进一步反应形成更大的分子和固体霾颗粒。两个富氢的大气具有相似的C/O比(~0.5)产生不同的烟雾颗粒大小,烟雾产生速率和气体产物,这表明大气中的元素丰度和它们的结合环境可以显着影响光化学。在我们的初始气体混合物中没有甲烷(CH 4),尽管CH 4通常被认为是产生有机烟雾所必需的。然而,从我们的实验与不同的初始气体混合物的烟雾产生率表明,CH 4既不需要产生有机烟雾,也不需要促进有机烟雾的形成。气体产物的种类和相对产率表明CO和N2在富H2气氛中富集化学反应。

英文摘要:

New observing capabilities coming online over the next few years will provide opportunities for characterization of exoplanet atmospheres. However, clouds/hazes could be present in the atmospheres of many exoplanets, muting the amplitude of spectral features. We use laboratory simulations to explore photochemical haze formation in H2-rich exoplanet atmospheres at 800 K with metallicity either 100 and 1000 times solar. We find that haze particles are produced in both simulated atmospheres with small particle size (20 to 140 nm) and relative low production rate (2.4 x 10-5 to 9.7 x 10-5 mg cm-3 h-1), but the particle size and production rate is dependent on the initial gas mixtures and the energy sources used in the simulation experiments. The gas phase mass spectra show that complex chemical processes happen in these atmospheres and generate new gas products that can further react to form larger molecules and solid haze particles. Two H2-rich atmospheres with similar C/O ratios (~0.5) yield different haze particles size, haze production rate, and gas products, suggesting both the elemental abundances and their bonding environments in an atmosphere can significantly affect the photochemistry. There is no methane (CH4) in our initial gas mixtures, although CH4 is often believed to be required to generate organic hazes. However, haze production rates from our experiments with different initial gas mixtures indicate that CH4 is neither required to generate organic hazes nor necessary to promote the organic haze formation. The variety and relative yield of the gas products indicate that CO and N2 enrich chemical reactions in H2-rich atmospheres.

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