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arXiv 2008.09347astro-ph.SR
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太阳的经向环流:观测、理论及其与太阳发电机的联系

The Meridional Circulation of the Sun: Observations, Theory and Connections with the Solar Dynamo

Arnab Rai Choudhuri

摘要:

太阳的纬向环流在表面被观测到是向极的,在一定深度应该有一个回流。由于大规模的流动,如差异旋转和对流环流是由对流区的湍流应力驱动的,这些流动预计将保持局限在这个区域内。目前的观测(基于日震学)和理论(基于发电机理论)的证据指向赤道回流的对流区底部的纬向环流。假设湍流中各物理量的平均值是轴对称的,我们在二维平均场论的基础上研究了类太阳恒星中的大尺度流动。旋转恒星中的湍流应力可以传递角动量,建立差动旋转。纬向环流是由两个项之间的轻微不平衡引起的,这两个项试图将它推向相反的方向:热成风项(由于极地地区对流热传输的效率较高)和离心项(由于差异旋转)。为了使这些项具有可比性,太阳的两极应该比赤道稍微热一点。讨论了纬向环流在通量输运发电机模式中的重要作用。由Babcock-Leighton过程在表面产生的极向场是平流极向,而在对流区底部产生的环向场是平流赤道向。纬向环流的波动(相干时间约为30- 40年)有助于解释太阳活动周期中许多方面的不规则性。最后,我们讨论了发电机产生的磁场的洛伦兹力如何引起大尺度流随太阳活动周期的周期性变化。

英文摘要:

The meridional circulation of the Sun, which is observed to be poleward at the surface, should have a return flow at some depth. Since large-scale flows like the differential rotation and the meridional circulation are driven by turbulent stresses in the convection zone, these flows are expected to remain confined within this zone. Current observational (based on helioseismology) and theoretical (based on dynamo theory) evidences point towards an equatorward return flow of the meridional circulation at the bottom of the convection zone. Assuming the mean values of various quantities averaged over turbulence to be axisymmetric, we study the large-scale flows in solar-like stars on the basis of a 2D mean field theory. Turbulent stresses in a rotating star can transport angular momentum, setting up a differential rotation. The meridional circulation arises from a slight imbalance between two terms which try to drive it in opposite directions: a thermal wind term (arising out of the higher efficiency of convective heat transport in the polar regions) and a centrifugal term (arising out of the differential rotation). To make these terms comparable, the poles of the Sun should be slightly hotter than the equator. We discuss the important role played by the meridional circulation in the flux transport dynamo model. The poloidal field generated by the Babcock--Leighton process at the surface is advected poleward, whereas the toroidal field produced at the bottom of the convection zone is advected equatorward. The fluctuations in the meridional circulation (with coherence time of about 30--40 yr) help in explaining many aspects of the irregularities in the solar cycle. Finally, we discuss how the Lorentz force of the dynamo-generated magnetic field can cause periodic variations in the large-scale flows with the solar cycle.

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