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arXiv 2008.08541math.CO
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利用顶点激活类型刻画 Lights Out 游戏中始终可解的树

A characterization of always solvable trees in the Lights Out game using the activation types of vertices

Ahmet Batal

AI总结:

本文引入顶点激活类型概念,刻画了 Lights Out 游戏中始终可解的树的结构,证明其可分解为两个始终可解子树的连接图,并用最小划分基数刻画树的零度。

摘要:

Lights Out 是一种可以在任意简单图 $G$ 上进行的游戏。一个配置为每个顶点指派开或关两种状态之一。对于给定配置,游戏的目标是通过在顶点上施加按压模式使所有顶点变为关,其中每次按压会切换该顶点及其邻居的状态。如果每个顶点配置都是可解的,则称该图是始终可解的。我们引入了一个称为顶点激活类型的概念,并利用这一概念证明了关于树的若干刻画结果。我们证明了所有不同于星形树的始终可解树都可以看作其两个始终可解子树的连接图。我们将使配置保持不变的零模式空间的维数称为图 $G$ 的零度。我们证明了树的零度可以用其划分为始终可解子树的最小划分的基数来刻画。我们还证明了树的零度小于其偶度顶点的数量。

英文摘要:

Lights out is a game that can be played on any simple graph $G$. A configuration assigns one of the two states \emph{on} or \emph{off} to each vertex. For a given configuration, the aim of the game is to turn all vertices \emph{off} by applying a push pattern on vertices, where each push switches the state of the vertex and its neighbors. If every configuration of vertices is solvable, then we say that the graph is always solvable. We introduce a concept which we call the activation types of vertices and we prove several characterization results of trees by using this concept. We showed that all always solvable trees different than the star tree can be seen as the join graph of its two always solvable subtrees. We call the dimension of the space of null-patterns, which leave configurations unchanged, the nullity of the graph $G$. We show that the nullity of a tree can be characterized by the cardinality of its minimal partition into always solvable subtrees. We also showed that nullity of a tree is less than the number of its even degree vertices.

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