The Information Content in Analytic Spot Models of Broadband Precision Light Curves. II. Spot Distributions and Lifetimes, Global and Differential Rotation
With the advent of space-based precision photometry missions the quantity and quality of starspot light curves has greatly increased. This paper presents a large number of starspot models and their resulting light curves to: 1) better determine light curve metrics and methods that convey useful physical information, 2) understand how the underlying degeneracies of the translation from physical starspot distributions to the resulting light curves obscure that information. We explore models of relatively active stars at several inclinations while varying the number of (dark) spots, random spot distributions in position and time, timescales of growth and decay, and differential rotation. We examine the behavior of absolute and differential variations of individual intensity dips and overall light curves, and demonstrate how complex spot distributions and behaviors result in light curves that typically exhibit only one or two dips per rotation. Unfortunately simplistic "one or two spot" or "active longitude" descriptions or modeling of light curves can often be highly misleading. We also show that short "activity cycles" can easily be simply due to random processes.
It turns out to be quite difficult to disentangle the competing effects of spot lifetime and differential rotation, but under most circumstances spot lifetime is the more influential of the two. Many of the techniques tried to date only work when spots live for many rotations. These include autocorrelation degradation for spot lifetimes and periodograms for both global and differential rotation. Differential rotation may be nearly impossible to accurately infer from light curves alone unless spots live for many rotations. The Sun and solar-type stars its age or older are unfortunately the most difficult type of case. Further work is needed to have increased confidence in light curve inferences.
Radial Velocity Monitoring of the Young Star Hubble 4: Disentangling Starspot Lifetimes from Orbital Motion
我们研究了弱线金牛座T星哈勃4号，一个已知的长周期双星，和它的星点现象。我们使用了麦克唐纳天文台2.7米Harlan J. Smith望远镜在14年（2004-2010，2017-2019）内拍摄的光学径向速度（RV）数据和HST/WFC 3仪器的单历元成像。观察到的和明显的RV变化显示的贡献，分别从二进制的运动，以及从一个大的点组的恒星之一，被认为是主要的。通过拟合和去除RV的轨道信号，我们发现之前在恒星表面发现的大斑点群的寿命下限至少为5.1年。$\sim5$年下限是单个现货组的较长但并非前所未有的持续时间。后期的数据表明，发生了显着的斑点演变，将上限的斑点组寿命为12年。我们发现，前主序演化模型的金牛座（$\sim2$ MYR）的年龄，结合从文献中的组件质量估计，允许我们重现的HST相对光度和二进制引起的贡献明显的RV变化。我们在哈勃4号上发现的长寿命恒星斑点对年轻恒星的发电机模型有着重要的意义，因为它为磁场拓扑结构的长寿命提供了证据。对于年轻恒星系外行星的搜索也有重要意义，因为长寿命的相干RV信号可能是由点引起的，而不是行星运动的结果。(This本文包括德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校麦克唐纳天文台的数据。
Auto-correlation functions of astrophysical processes, and their relation to Gaussian processes; Application to radial velocities of different starspot configurations
KRONOS II: Solar-like Umbra and Penumbra Properties on the Young Sun V1298~Tau
Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学）；Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA)（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）
利用 JWST NIRISS/SOSS 掩星观测年轻行星 V1298 Tau bcd，通过星食事件光谱分析，发现宿主星 V1298~Tau 的黑子具有类似太阳的本影和半影结构，温度分别为 3265-3436 K 和 4388-4659 K，且本影面积占比约 30%。
