用盲兔和猎犬练习测试从开普勒光变曲线恢复恒星旋转信号
Testing the recovery of stellar rotation signals from Kepler light curves using a blind hare-and-hounds exercise
摘要：
我们提出了一个盲演习的结果，以测试开普勒光变曲线的恒星自转和差分旋转的可恢复性。模拟的光变曲线持续了1000天，包括活动周期，太阳蝴蝶图案，差异旋转和斑点演变。旋转周期，活动水平和斑点寿命的范围被选为代表开普勒数据的太阳类恒星。在1000个模拟的光变曲线中，有770个被注入到实际的静态开普勒光变曲线中以模拟开普勒噪声。该测试还包括太阳活动周期中不同点的太阳总辐照度变化的五个1000天片段。五个团队参加了盲测，另外两个团队是在光变曲线的内容公布后参加的。所用的方法包括Lomb-Scargle周期图及其变体、自动关联函数和基于小波的分析，以及用于搜索差分旋转的点建模。结果表明，“整体”期间恢复良好的明星表现出低和中等的活动水平。在70%的情况下，大多数团队报告的值在真实值的10%以内。然而，报告和模拟值之间的差异旋转剪切的相关性很小，这表明基于全圆盘光变曲线的差异旋转研究需要谨慎对待，至少对于太阳型恒星。模拟的光变曲线和相关参数可供社区在线测试自己的方法。
英文摘要：
We present the results of a blind exercise to test the recoverability of stellar rotation and differential rotation in Kepler light curves. The simulated light curves lasted 1000 days and included activity cycles, Sun-like butterfly patterns, differential rotation and spot evolution. The range of rotation periods, activity levels and spot lifetime were chosen to be representative of the Kepler data of solar like stars. Of the 1000 simulated light curves, 770 were injected into actual quiescent Kepler light curves to simulate Kepler noise. The test also included five 1000-day segments of the Sun's total irradiance variations at different points in the Sun's activity cycle. Five teams took part in the blind exercise, plus two teams who participated after the content of the light curves had been released. The methods used included Lomb-Scargle periodograms and variants thereof, auto-correlation function, and wavelet-based analyses, plus spot modelling to search for differential rotation. The results show that the `overall' period is well recovered for stars exhibiting low and moderate activity levels. Most teams reported values within 10% of the true value in 70% of the cases. There was, however, little correlation between the reported and simulated values of the differential rotation shear, suggesting that differential rotation studies based on full-disk light curves alone need to be treated with caution, at least for solar-type stars. The simulated light curves and associated parameters are available online for the community to test their own methods.
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