工作在电路量子电动力学阈值的测辐射热计
Bolometer operating at the threshold for circuit quantum electrodynamics
摘要：
基于所吸收的辐射的加热效应的辐射传感器通常操作相对简单并且在输入频率方面是灵活的。因此，它们被广泛应用于例如气体检测、安全、太赫兹成像、天体物理观测和医学应用。一个新的频谱的重要应用目前正在出现从量子技术，特别是从电子电路行为量子力学。这种电路量子电动力学（cQED）已经产生了前所未有的单光子探测器和量子计算机在某些任务中优于经典超级计算机。热传感器在增强这些设备方面很有吸引力，因为它们不受量子噪声的困扰，并且更小，更简单，并且比常用的行波参量放大器消耗大约六个数量级的功率。然而，尽管热传感器的速度和噪声水平有了很大的进步，但迄今为止还没有一种测辐射热计被证明足够快和灵敏，可以在cQED中提供优势。在这里，我们通过实验证明了一个测辐射热计超过这个阈值的噪声等效功率为$30\, \rm{zW}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}$与目前的记录，同时提供两个数量级的热时间常数为500纳秒。重要的是，这两个特征数都是直接从同一设备测量的，这意味着对单个30 GHz光子的量热能量分辨率的忠实估计。这些改进源于利用石墨烯单层作为具有极低比热的活性材料。200 ns的最小时间常数大大低于超导量子位的最新退相时间约100 μs，并满足当代读出方案的时间尺度，从而使cQED中的热探测器的利用成为可能。
英文摘要：
Radiation sensors based on the heating effect of the absorbed radiation are typically relatively simple to operate and flexible in terms of the input frequency. Consequently, they are widely applied, for example, in gas detection, security, THz imaging, astrophysical observations, and medical applications. A new spectrum of important applications is currently emerging from quantum technology and especially from electrical circuits behaving quantum mechanically. This circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) has given rise to unprecedented single-photon detectors and a quantum computer supreme to the classical supercomputers in a certain task. Thermal sensors are appealing in enhancing these devices since they are not plagued by quantum noise and are smaller, simpler, and consume about six orders of magnitude less power than the commonly used traveling-wave parametric amplifiers. However, despite great progress in the speed and noise levels of thermal sensors, no bolometer to date has proven fast and sensitive enough to provide advantages in cQED. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a bolometer surpassing this threshold with a noise equivalent power of $30\, \rm{zW}/\sqrt{\rm{Hz}}$ on par with the current record while providing two-orders of magnitude shorter thermal time constant of 500 ns. Importantly, both of these characteristic numbers have been measured directly from the same device, which implies a faithful estimation of the calorimetric energy resolution of a single 30-GHz photon. These improvements stem from the utilization of a graphene monolayer as the active material with extremely low specific heat. The minimum demonstrated time constant of 200 ns falls greatly below the state-of-the-art dephasing times of roughly 100 μs for superconducting qubits and meets the timescales of contemporary readout schemes thus enabling the utilization of thermal detectors in cQED.
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