Protoclusters, which will yield galaxy clusters at lower redshift, can provide valuable information on the formation of galaxy clusters. However, identifying progenitors of galaxy clusters in observations is not an easy task, especially at high redshift. Different priors have been used to estimate the overdense regions that are thought to mark the locations of protoclusters. In this paper, we use mimicked Ly$α$-emitting galaxies at $z=5.7$ to identify protoclusters in the MultiDark galaxies, which are populated by applying three different semi-analytic models to the 1 $Gpc h^{-1}$ MultiDark Planck2 simulation. To compare with observational results, we extend the criterion 1 (a Ly$α$ luminosity limited sample), to criterion 2 (a match to the observed mean galaxy number density). To further statistically study the finding efficiency of this method, we enlarge the identified protocluster sample (criterion 3) to about 3500 at $z=5.7$ and study their final mass distribution. The number of overdense regions and their selection probability depends on the semi-analytic models and strongly on the three selection criteria (partly by design). The protoclusters identified with criterion 1 are associated with a typical final cluster mass of $2.82\pm0.92 \times 10^{15} M_\odot$ which is in agreement with the prediction (within $\pm 1 σ$) of an observed massive protocluster at $z=5.7$. Identifying more protoclusters allows us to investigate the efficiency of this method, which is more suitable for identifying the most massive clusters: completeness ($\mathbb{C}$) drops rapidly with decreasing halo mass. We further find that it is hard to have a high purity ($\mathbb{P}$) and completeness simultaneously.
A Possible Protocluster of Galaxies Serendipitously Discovered in the Field of an Intermediate-Redshift Post-starburst Galaxy
Texas A&M University(德州农工大学);University of Pittsburgh(匹兹堡大学);Rochester Institute of Technology(罗切斯特理工学院);Princeton University(普林斯顿大学);University of Colorado, Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校)
Surveying Galaxy Clusters (in formation) in the Distant Universe
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)(加那利天体物理研究所);Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica(拉古纳大学天体物理学系);ESO(欧洲南方天文台);Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo(奥斯陆大学理论天体物理研究所);Departamento de Fisica, Universidad de Oviedo(奥维耶多大学物理系);Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA)(阿斯图里亚斯空间科技大学研究所);Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen(格罗宁根大学卡普坦天文研究所);DAWN/DTU-Space(丹麦技术大学空间中心);Leiden Observatory, Leiden University(莱顿大学莱登天文台)
Deep X-ray View of a Distant Protocluster Anchored by a Quasar at $z=6.63$: No Evidence for Enhanced X-ray AGN Activity
Peking University(北京大学);Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University(北京大学科维理天文与天体物理研究所);Nanjing University(南京大学);University of Michigan(密歇根大学)
The initial conditions of stellar protocluster formation. I. A catalogue of Spitzer dark clouds
大多数恒星形成于星团中。因此,全面了解恒星形成需要了解团簇形成的初始条件。我们的研究目标是阐明红外暗云(IRDC)的物理性质及其在星团形成中的作用。这篇文章是专门研究IRDC的系列文章的第一篇,描述了为建立银河系斯皮策IRDC的完整目录而开发的技术。我们分析了斯皮策GLIMPSE和MIPSGAL的数据,以确定银河经度和纬度10度< |l| <65度和|b| <1deg. From the 8micron observations we have constructed opacity maps and used a newly developed extraction algorithm to identify structures above a column density of N_{H2} >1 × 10 ^{22} cm^{-2}区域内的IRDC的完整样本。24微米的数据然后被用来表征每个提取的云的恒星形成活动。总共提取了11303个云。与现有的基于MSX的IRDC目录相比,这些斯皮策星云中有80%以前是未知的。该算法还提取这些云内的~ 20000至50000片段,这取决于所使用的检测阈值。MIPSGAL的数据表明,这些IRDC中有20%到68%显示出24微米的点状关联。这个新的数据库为未来的研究提供了重要的资源,旨在了解银河系恒星形成的初始条件。
PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon
School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学地球与空间探索学院);Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学天文系/斯图尔德天文台);Joint ALMA Observatory(ALMA联合天文台);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst(马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校天文系);National Radio Astronomy Observatory(美国国家射电天文台)
Exploring the AGN population in protoclusters: results from the TNG300 simulation and comparison with observations
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio (OAS)(意大利国家天体物理研究所(INAF)- 天体物理学与空间科学天文台(OAS));Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie(马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik(马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所);Università di Bologna(博洛尼亚大学)
The ALMA Survey of Star Formation and Evolution in Massive Protoclusters with Blue Profiles (ASSEMBLE): Core Growth, Cluster Contraction, and Primordial Mass Segregation
Mass--size evolution and the emerging passive--density relation revealed by JWST/NIRCam in the Spiderweb protocluster
Adam Mickiewicz University(亚当·密茨凯维奇大学);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利天体物理研究所);Universidad de La Laguna(拉帕鲁尼亚大学);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(日本宇宙航空研究开发机构宇宙科学研究所);Tohoku University(东北大学);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台)
The Koi Pond: A Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core hosting a Diverse Population of DSFGs
Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学);Joint ALMA Observatory(ALMA联合天文台);National Astronomical Observatory of Japan(日本国立天文台);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Universidad Diego Portales(迭戈·波特莱斯大学);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);Chalmers University of Technology(查尔姆斯理工大学)
Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The first Euclid view of Planck galaxy protocluster candidates at cosmic noon
Université Paris-Saclay(巴黎萨克雷大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);Institut d’astrophysique spatiale(空间天体物理研究所);Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES)(法国国家空间研究中心);Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (IRIT)(图卢兹计算机研究所);Université de Toulouse(图卢兹大学);Laboratoire MCD, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI)(MCD实验室,综合生物学中心);INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna(博洛尼亚天文物理与空间科学研究所);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利群岛天体物理研究所);Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL)(拉帕尔马大学天体物理学系);Université Paris Cité(巴黎西岱大学);Astroparticule et Cosmologie(粒子天体物理学与宇宙学实验室);CNRS-UCB International Research Laboratory, Centre Pierre Binetruy, IRL2007, CPB-IN2P3, Berkeley(CNRS-加州大学伯克利分校国际研究实验室,皮埃尔·比内特鲁中心);Laboratoire d’etude de l’Univers et des phenomenes eXtremes, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université(极端宇宙现象研究实验室,巴黎天文台,PSL大学,索邦大学)
Bright [CII]158$μ$m Streamers as a Beacon for Giant Galaxy Formation in SPT2349$-$56 at $z=4.3$
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie(马克斯·普朗克射电天文研究所);International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne(波恩大学和科隆大学天体物理国际马克斯·普朗克研究学院);University of British Columbia(不列颠哥伦比亚大学);Dalhousie University(达尔豪斯大学);NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics(国家研究委员会赫茨伯格天文学与天体物理学研究所);Instituto de Estudios Astrofísicos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales(迭戈·波特莱斯大学工程与科学学院天体物理研究所);Millenium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL)(星系千年核心(MINGAL));University of Illinois(伊利诺伊大学)