The concept of orbifolds should unify differential geometry with equivariant homotopy theory, so that orbifold cohomology should unify differential cohomology with proper equivariant cohomology theory. Despite the prominent role that orbifolds have come to play in mathematics and mathematical physics, especially in string theory, the formulation of a general theory of orbifolds reflecting this unification has remained an open problem. Here we present a natural theory argued to achieve this. We give both a general abstract axiomatization in higher topos theory, as well as concrete models for ordinary as well as for super-geometric and for higher-geometric orbifolds. Our first main result is a fully faithful embedding of the 2-category of orbifolds into a singular-cohesive infinity-topos whose intrinsic cohomology theory is proper globally equivariant differential generalized cohomology, subsuming traditional orbifold cohomology, Chen-Ruan cohomology, and orbifold K-theory. Our second main result is a general construction of orbifold etale cohomology which we show to naturally unify (i) tangentially twisted cohomology of smooth but curved spaces with (ii) RO-graded proper equivariant cohomology of flat but singular spaces. As a fundamental example we present J-twisted orbifold Cohomotopy theories with coefficients in shapes of generalized Tate spheres. According to "Hypothesis H" this includes the proper orbifold cohomology theory that controls non-perturbative string theory.
In this paper we introduce the concept of Deligne cohomology of an orbifold. We prove that the third Deligne cohomology group of a smooth étale groupoid classify gerbes with connection over the groupoid. We argue that the $B$-field and the discrete torsion in type II superstring theories are special kinds of gerbes with connection, and finally, for each one of them, using Deligne cohomology we construct a flat line bundle over the inertia groupoid, namely a Ruan inner local in the case of an orbifold.
The author explains local and global model structures on higher orbifolds which are truncated étale differentiable higher stacks, and discuss the application of the model structures to quantum cohomology of higher and derived orbifolds.
In this paper we prove that for an almost complex orbifold, its virtual orbifold cohomology [math.AT/0606573] is isomorphic as algebras to the Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology of its cotangent orbifold.
We calculate the integral equivariant cohomology, in terms of generators and relations, of locally standard torus orbifolds whose odd degree ordinary cohomology vanishes. We begin by studying GKM-orbifolds, which are more general, before specialising to half-dimensional torus actions.
The virtual cohomology of an orbifold is a ring structure on the cohomology of the inertia orbifold whose product is defined via the pull-push formalism and the Euler class of the excess intersection bundle. In this paper we calculate the virtual cohomology of a large family of orbifolds, including the symmetric product.
In this paper we introduce the Cheeger-Simons cohomology of a global quotient orbifold. We prove that the Cheeger-Simons cohomology of the orbifold is isomorphic to its Beilinson-Deligne cohomology. Furthermore we construct a string connection (à la Segal) from a global gerbe with connection over the loop orbifold, refining the corresponding differential character.
This paper begins the study of Morse theory for orbifolds, or more precisely for differentiable Deligne-Mumford stacks. The main result is an analogue of the Morse inequalities that relates the orbifold Betti numbers of an almost-complex orbifold to the critical points of a Morse function on the orbifold. We also show that a generic function on an orbifold is Morse. In obtaining these results we develop for differentiable Deligne-Mumford stacks those tools of differential geometry and topology -- flows of vector fields, the strong topology -- that are essential to the development of Morse theo…
We show that the bicategory of (representable) orbifolds and good maps is equivalent to the bicategory of orbifold translation groupoids and generalized equivariant maps. We use this result to define an orbifold version of Bredon cohomology.
The CW structure of certain spaces, such as effective orbifolds, can be too complicated for computational purposes. In this paper we use the concept of $\mathbf{q}$-CW complex structure on an orbifold, to detect torsion in its integral cohomology. The main result can be applied to well known classes of orbifolds or algebraic varieties having orbifold singularities, such as toric orbifolds, simplicial toric varieties, torus orbifolds and weighted Grassmannians.
Chen and Ruan's orbifold cohomology of the symmetric product of a complex manifold is calculated. An isomorphism of rings (up to a change of signs) $H_{orb}^*(X^n/S_n;\complex) \cong H^*(X^{[n]};\complex)$ between the orbifold cohomology of the symmetric product of a smooth projective surface with trivial canonical class $X$ and the cohomology of its Hilbert scheme $X^{[n]}$ is obtained, yielding a positive answer to a conjecture of Ruan.
In this paper we show a Kunneth formula for Bredon cohomology for actions of a pullback of groups. We show how this formula can be used to compute orbifold twisted K-theory for some discrete twistings. Using that result we compute orbifold K-theory for some 6-dimensional orbifolds introduced by Vafa and Witten. These examples also show the limitations of the method.
Integral bases for the second degree cohomology of 4-dimensional toric orbifolds
Institute of Mathematical Science, Pusan National University（釜山国立大学数学科学研究所）；Department of Mathematics Education, Pusan National University（釜山国立大学数学教育学系）
We compute the integral cohomology of certain semi-direct products arising from a linear G-action on the n-torus, where G is a finite group. The main application is the complete calculation of torsion gerbes for certain six dimensional examples arising from string theory.
In this paper, we study Hamiltonian R-actions on symplectic orbifolds [M/S], where R and S are tori. We prove an injectivity theorem and generalize Tolman-Weitsman's proof of the GKM theorem in this setting. The main example is the symplectic reduction X//S of a Hamiltonian T-manifold X by a subtorus S of T. This includes the class of symplectic toric orbifolds. We define the equivariant Chen-Ruan cohomology ring and use the above results to establish a combinatorial method of computing this equivariant Chen-Ruan cohomology in terms of orbifold fixed point data.
Let M be a connected, simply connected, closed and oriented manifold, and G a finite group acting on M by orientation preserving diffeomorphisms. In this paper we show an explicit ring isomorphism between the orbifold string topology of the orbifold [M/G] and the Hochschild cohomology of the dg-ring obtained by performing the smash product between the group G and the singular cochain complex of M.
In this work we study the additive orbifold cohomology of the moduli stack of smooth genus g curves. We show that this problem reduces to investigating the rational cohomology of moduli spaces of cyclic covers of curves where the genus of the covering curve is g. Then we work out the case of genus g=3. Furthermore, we determine the part of the orbifold cohomology of the Deligne-Mumford compactification of the moduli space of genus 3 curves that comes from the Zariski closure of the inertia stack of M_3.
We study torsion in the integral cohomology of a certain family of $2n$-dimensional orbifolds $X$ with actions of the $n$-dimensional compact torus. Compact simplicial toric varieties are in our family. For a prime number $p$, we find a necessary condition for the integral cohomology of $X$ to have no $p$-torsion. Then we prove that the necessary condition is sufficient in some cases. We also give an example of $X$ which shows that the necessary condition is not sufficient in general.
We introduce the_inertial cohomology ring_ NH^*_T(Y) of a stably almost complex manifold carrying an action of a torus T. We show that in the case that Y has a locally free action by T, the inertial cohomology ring is isomorphic to the Chen-Ruan orbifold cohomology ring H_{CR}^*(Y/T) of the quotient orbifold Y/T. For Y a compact Hamiltonian T-space, we extend to orbifold cohomology two techniques that are standard in ordinary cohomology. We show that NH^*_T(Y) has a natural ring surjection onto H_{CR}^*(Y//T), where Y//T is the symplectic reduction of Y by T at a regular value of the moment ma…
In this paper we review the combinatorics of the twisted sectors of $\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$, and we exhibit a formula for the age of each of them in terms of the combinatorial data. Then we show that orbifold cohomology of $\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$ when $g \to \infty$ reduces to its ordinary cohomology. We do this by showing that the twisted sector with minimal age is always the hyperelliptic twisted sector with all markings in the Weierstrass points; the age of the latter moduli space is just half its codimension in $\mathcal{M}_{g,n}$.
The integral cohomology rings of four-dimensional toric orbifolds
Shanghai Institute for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences（上海数学与交叉学科研究院）；Institute of Mathematical Science, Pusan National University（釜山国立大学数学科学研究所）；Department of Mathematics Education, Pusan National University（釜山国立大学数学教育系）
We prove the existence of invariant almost complex structure on any positively omnioriented quasitoric orbifold. We construct blowdowns. We define Chen-Ruan cohomology ring for any omnioriented quasitoric orbifold. We prove that the Euler characteristic of this cohomology is preserved by a crepant blowdown. We prove that the Betti numbers are also preserved if dimension is less or equal to six. In particular, our work reveals a new form of McKay correspondence for orbifold toric varieties that are not Gorenstein. We illustrate with an example.
In this paper we compute explicit formulas for the holonomy map for a gerbe with connection over an orbifold. We show that the holonomy descends to a transgression map in Deligne cohomology. We prove that this recovers both the inner local systems in Ruan's theory of twisted orbifold cohomology and the local system of Freed-Hopkins-Teleman in their work in twisted K-theory. In the case in which the orbifold is simply a manifold we recover previous results of Gawedzki and Brylinski.
We describe the torus-equivariant cohomology of weighted partial flag orbifolds ${\mathrm{w}}Σ$ of type $A$. We establish counterparts of several results known for the partial flag variety that collectively constitute what we refer to as ``Schubert Calculus on ${\mathrm{w}}Σ$''. For the weighed Schubert classes in ${\mathrm{w}}Σ$, we give the Chevalley's formula. In addition, we define the weighted analogue of double Schubert polynomials and give the corresponding Chevalley--Monk's formula.
We study the inertia stack of [M_{0,n}/S_n], the quotient stack of the moduli space of smooth genus 0 curves with n marked points via the action of the symmetric group S_n. Then we see how from this analysis we can obtain a description of the inertia stack of H_g, the moduli stack of hyperelliptic curves of genus g. From this, we can compute additively the Chen-Ruan (or orbifold) cohomology of H_g.
The present paper describes a relation between the quotient of the fundamental group of a smooth quasi-projective variety by its second commutator and the existence of maps to orbifold curves. It extends previously studied cases when the target was a smooth curve. In the case when the quasi-projective variety is a complement to a plane algebraic curve this provides new relations between the fundamental group, the equation of the curve, and the existence of polynomial solutions to certain equations generalizing Pell's equation. These relations are formulated in terms of the depth which is an in…
Let $ϕ:\Z/p\to GL_{n}(\Z)$ denote an integral representation of the cyclic group of prime order $p$. This induces a $\Z/p$-action on the torus $X=\R^{n}/\Z^{n}$. The goal of this paper is to explicitly compute the cohomology groups $H^{*}(X/\Z/p;\Z)$ for any such representation. As a consequence we obtain an explicit calculation of the integral cohomology of the classifying space associated to the family of finite subgroups for any crystallographic group $Γ=\Z^n\rtimes\Z/p$ with prime holonomy.
We examine the integral cohomology rings of certain families of $2n$-dimensional orbifolds $X$ that are equipped with a well-behaved action of the $n$-dimensional real torus. These orbifolds arise from two distinct but closely related combinatorial sources, namely from characteristic pairs $(Q,λ)$, where $Q$ is a simple convex $n$-polytope and $λ$ a labelling of its facets, and from $n$-dimensional fans $Σ$. In the literature, they are referred as toric orbifolds and singular toric varieties respectively. Our first main result provides combinatorial conditions on $(Q,λ)$ or on $Σ$ which ensure…
We extend Donaldson's asymptotically holomorphic techniques to symplectic orbifolds. More precisely, given a symplectic orbifold such that the symplectic form defines an integer cohomology class, we prove that there exist sections of large tensor powers of the prequantizable line bundle such that their zero sets are symplectic suborbifolds. We then derive a Lefschetz hyperplane theorem for these suborbifolds, that computes their real cohomology up to middle dimension. We also get the hard Lefschetz and formality properties for them, when the ambient manifold satisfies those properties.
The simplicial wedge construction on simplicial complexes and simple polytopes has been used by a variety of authors to study toric and related spaces, including non-singular toric varieties, toric manifolds, intersections of quadrics and more generally, polyhedral products. In this paper we extend the analysis to include toric orbifolds. Our main results yield infinite families of toric orbifolds, derived from a given one, whose integral cohomology is free of torsion and is concentrated in even degrees, a property which might be termed \emph{integrally equivariantly formal}. In all cases, it …
Let $X$ be a $4$-dimensional toric orbifold. If $H^3(X)$ has a non-trivial odd primary torsion, then we show that $X$ is homotopy equivalent to the wedge of a Moore space and a CW-complex. As a corollary, given two 4-dimensional toric orbifolds having no 2-torsion in the cohomology, we prove that they have the same homotopy type if and only their integral cohomology rings are isomorphic.
We introduce a new definition of weighted Grassmann orbifolds. We study their several invariant $q$-cell structures and the orbifold singularities on these $q$-cells. We discuss when the integral cohomology of a weighted Grassmann orbifold has no $p$-torsion. We compute the equivariant $K$-theory ring of weighted Grassmann orbifolds with rational coefficients. We introduce divisive weighted Grassmann orbifolds and show that they have invariant cell structures. We calculate the equivariant cohomology ring, equivariant $K$-theory ring and equivariant cobordism ring of a divisive weighted Grassma…
Chen and Ruan [6] defined a very interesting cohomology theory for orbifolds, which is now called Chen-Ruan cohomology. The primary objective of this paper is to compute the Chen-Ruan cohomology rings of the weighted projective spaces, a class of important spaces in physics. The classical tools (Chen-Ruan cohomology, toric varieties, the localization technique) which have been proved to be successful are used to study the orbifold cohomology of weighted projective spaces. Given a weighted projective space ${\bf P}^{n}_{q_{0}, >..., q_{n}}$, we determine all of its twisted sectors and the corre…
We disprove a conjecture stating that the integral cohomology of any crystallographic group Z^n \rtimes Z_m is given by the cohomology of Z_m with coefficients in the cohomology of the group Z^n, by providing a complete list of counterexamples up to dimension 5. We also find a counterexample with odd order holonomy, m=9, in dimension 8 and finish the computations of the cohomology of 6-dimensional crystallographic groups arising as orbifold fundamental groups of certain Calabi-Yau toroidal orbifolds.
For each manifold or effective orbifold $Y$ and commutative ring $R$, we define a new homology theory $MH_*(Y;R)$, $M$-$homology$, and a new cohomology theory $MH^*(Y;R)$, $M$-$cohomology$. For $MH_*(Y;R)$ the chain complex $(MC_*(Y;R),\partial)$ is generated by quadruples $[V,n,s,t]$ satisfying relations, where $V$ is an oriented manifold with corners, $n\in\mathbb N$, and $s:V\to{\mathbb R}^n$, $t:V\to Y$ are smooth with $s$ proper near 0 in ${\mathbb R}^n$. We show that $MH_*(Y;R),MH^*(Y;R)$ satisfy the Eilenberg-Steenrod axioms, and so are canonically isomorphic to conventional (co)homolog…
The main objects of this paper are torus orbifolds that have exactly two fixed points. We study the equivariant topological type of these orbifolds and consider when we can use the results of the paper [DKS] (arXiv:1809.03678) to compute its integral equivariant cohomology, in terms of generators and relations, coming from the corresponding orbifold torus graph.
Quasi-elliptic cohomology is a variant of Tate K-theory. It is the orbifold K-theory of a space of constant loops. For global quotient orbifolds, it can be expressed in terms of equivariant K-theories. In this paper we show how this theory is equipped with power operations. We also prove that the Tate K-theory of symmetric groups modulo a certain transfer ideal classify the finite subgroups of the Tate curve.
Quasi-elliptic cohomology is a variant of elliptic cohomology theories. It is the orbifold K-theory of a space of constant loops. For global quotient orbifolds, it can be expressed in terms of equivariant K-theories. Thus, the constructions on it can be made in a neat way. This theory reflects the geometric nature of the Tate curve. In this paper we provide a systematic introduction of its construction and definition.
The first purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between equivariant elliptic genera and orbifold elliptic genera. We apply the character theory of Hopkins et. al. to the Borel-equivariant genus associated to the sigma orientation of Ando-Hopkins-Strickland to define an orbifold genus for certain total quotient orbifolds and supersingular elliptic curves. We show that our orbifold genus is given by the same sort of formula as the orbifold ``two-variable'' genus of Dijkgraaf et al. In the case of a finite cyclic orbifold group, we use the characteristic series for the two-variable…
We show that Lupercio-Uribe-Xicoténcatl's orbifold loop product and coproduct can be described by a group cohomology class in some cases. By computing this cohomology class, we show that in some cases the orbifold loop product is trivial.
Let X be a complete toric variety of dimension n and \del the fan in a lattice N associated to X. For each cone σof \del there corresponds an orbit closure V(σ) of the action of complex torus on X. The homology classes {[V(σ)]| \dim σ=k} form a set of specified generators of H_{n-k}(X,Q). Then any x\in H_{n-k}(X,Q) can be written in the form \[ x=\sum_{σ\in\del_X, \dimσ=k}μ(x,σ)[V(σ)]. \] A question occurs whether there is some canonical way to express μ(x,σ). Morelli gave an answer when X is non-singular and at least for x= \T_{n-k}(X) the Todd class of X. However his answer takes coefficient…
The existence of interesting multiplicative cohomology theories for orbifolds was first suggested by string theorists. Orbifold products have been intensely studied by mathematicians for the last fifteen years. In this paper we focus on the virtual orbifold product that was first introduced in Lupercio et al. (2007). We construct a categorification of the virtual orbifold product that leverages the geometry of derived loop stacks. By work of Ben-Zvi, Francis and Nadler, this reveals connections between virtual orbifold products and Drinfeld centers of monoidal categories, thus answering a ques…
The ``symplectic cut'' construction [Lerman] produces two symplectic orbifolds $C_-$ and $C_+$ from a symplectic manifold $M$ with a Hamiltonian circle action. We compute the rational cohomology ring of $C_+$ in terms of those of $M$ and $C_-$.
Toric orbifolds are a topological generalization of projective toric varieties associated to simplicial fans. We introduce some sufficient conditions on the combinatorial data associated to a toric orbifold to ensure the existence of an invariant cell structure on it and call such a toric orbifold retractable. In this paper, our main goal is to study equivariant cohomology theories of retractable toric orbifolds. Our results extend the corresponding results on divisive weighted projective spaces.
Given a root system $Φ$ of type $A_n$, $B_n$, $C_n$, or $D_n$ in Euclidean space $E$, let $W$ be the associated Weyl group. For a point $p \in E$ not orthogonal to any of the roots in $Φ$, we consider the $W$-permutohedron $P_W$, which is the convex hull of the $W$-orbit of $p$. The representation of $W$ on the rational cohomology ring $H^\ast(X_Φ)$ of the toric variety $X_Φ$ associated to (the normal fan to) $P_W$ has been studied by various authors. Let $\{s_1,\ldots,s_n\}$ be a complete set of simple reflections in $W$. For $K \subseteq [n]$, let $W_K$ be the standard parabolic subgroup of …
We study the GKM theory for a equivariant stratified space having orbifold structures in tis successive quotients. Then, we introduce the notion of an \emph{almost simple polytope}, as well as a \emph{divisive toric variety} generalizing the concept of a divisive weighted projective space. We employ the GKM theory to compute the generalized equivariant cohomology theories of toric varieties associated to almost simple polytopes and divisive toric varieties.
Let Z_K be the moment angle complex associated to a simplicial complex K, with the canonical torus T-action. In this paper, we prove that, for any possibly disconnected subgroup G of T, G-equivariant cohomology of Z_K over the integer Z is isomophic to the Tor-module Tor_{H(BR;Z)}(Z[K],Z) as graded modules, where Z_[K] is the Stanley-Reisner ring of K. Based on this, we prove that the surjectivity of the natural map H_T(Z_K;Z) to H_G(Z_K;Z) is equivalent to the vanishing of Tor^{H(BR;Z)}_1(Z[K],Z). Since the integral cohomology of various toric orbifolds can be identified with H_G(Z_K;Z), we s…
In this paper, we discuss the connected sum K_1#^Z K_2 of simplicial complexes K_1 and K_2, as well as define the notion of a strong connected sum. Geometrically, the connected sum is motivated by Lerman's symplectic cut applied to a toric orbifold, and algebraically, it is motivated by the connected sum of rings introduced by Ananthnarayan-Avramov-Moore. We show that the Stanley-Reisner ring of a connected sum K_1#^Z K_2 is the connected sum of the Stanley-Reisner rings of K_1 and K_2 along the Stanley-Reisner ring of the intersection of K_1 and K_2. The strong connected sum K_1 #^Z K_2 is de…
