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arXiv 2007.15742astro-ph.HE
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来自非相对论冲击瞬态的高能中微子和γ射线

High-Energy Neutrinos and Gamma-Rays from Non-Relativistic Shock-Powered Transients

Ke Fang, Brian D. Metzger, Indrek Vurm, Elias Aydi, Laura Chomiuk

摘要:

激波相互作用被认为在一系列光学瞬变中起着重要的作用,包括超新星(特别是超亮类),经典新星,恒星合并,潮汐破裂事件和快速蓝色光学瞬变。这些冲击波可以加速相对论离子,通过强子π介子的产生产生高能中微子和伽马射线。最近在经典新星中发现的与时间相关的光学和伽马射线发射揭示了辐射冲击在为这些事件提供动力方面的重要作用,从而使人们能够在与河外瞬变冲击类似的物理条件下,对离子加速的性质,包括其效率和能谱,有一个前所未有的认识。在这里,我们介绍了一个模型连接的辐射光通量的非相对论瞬变的最大中微子和γ射线通量。我们将这种技术应用于广泛的河外瞬变类,以限制它们对宇宙学高能伽马射线和中微子背景的贡献。基于一个简单的模型,在辐射冲击扩散冲击加速,校准新星,我们证明了几个最明亮的瞬变可以加速质子的能量$E_{\rm max} \gtrsim 10^{16}$ eV,足以有助于冰立方天体物理背景。此外,几个考虑的源$-$,特别是贫氢超新星$-$,由于其喷出物的高伽马射线不透明度,可能充当“隐藏”伽马射线源,从而规避了非耀变体费米LAT背景施加的限制。然而,采用离子加速效率$\sim$ 0.3-1 $\%$的新星观测的动机,我们发现,目前已知的类的非相对论,潜在的冲击供电瞬态贡献最多百分之几的总冰立方背景。

英文摘要:

Shock interaction has been argued to play a role in powering a range of optical transients, including supernovae (particularly the superluminous class), classical novae, stellar mergers, tidal disruption events, and fast blue optical transients. These same shocks can accelerate relativistic ions, generating high-energy neutrino and gamma-ray emission via hadronic pion production. The recent discovery of time-correlated optical and gamma-ray emission in classical novae has revealed the important role of radiative shocks in powering these events, enabling an unprecedented view of the properties of ion acceleration, including its efficiency and energy spectrum, under similar physical conditions to shocks in extragalactic transients. Here we introduce a model for connecting the radiated optical fluence of non-relativistic transients to their maximal neutrino and gamma-ray fluence. We apply this technique to a wide range of extragalactic transient classes in order to place limits on their contributions to the cosmological high-energy gamma-ray and neutrino backgrounds. Based on a simple model for diffusive shock acceleration at radiative shocks, calibrated to novae, we demonstrate that several of the most luminous transients can accelerate protons up to energies $E_{\rm max} \gtrsim 10^{16}$ eV, sufficient to contribute to the IceCube astrophysical background. Furthermore, several of the considered sources$-$particularly hydrogen-poor supernovae$-$may serve as "hidden" gamma-ray sources due to the high gamma-ray opacity of their ejecta, evading constraints imposed by the non-blazar Fermi-LAT background. However, adopting an ion acceleration efficiency $\sim$ 0.3-1$\%$ motivated by nova observations, we find that currently known classes of non-relativistic, potentially shock-powered transients contribute at most a few percent of the total IceCube background.

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