The diffuse neutrino flux measured in IceCube is comparable with the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) flux, which has led to the concept of a unified origin of high-energy neutrino and UHECR backgrounds. We construct a generic unification model of sources to explain UHECR data at $\gtrsim 10^{19}$ eV, and high-energy neutrinos with energies that exceed $\sim100$ TeV in the framework of photo-meson production processes, and provide general constraints on the source properties. A source environment with moderately efficient in-situ production of $\gtrsim 100$ TeV neutrinos with an optical depth of $0.1 \lesssim τ_{pγ}\lesssim 0.6$ must be realized to accelerate cosmic rays to ultrahigh energies. The measured fluxes of cosmic rays and neutrinos set a bound on the source luminosity and its rate density. Although the results are rather general and applicable to unknown source population, among the proposed source candidates, low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and tidal disruption events (TDEs) could satisfy the requirements if the Lorentz bulk factor of plasma outflow and the equipartition parameters for cosmic rays and magnetic field are appropriately selected.
The detection of a high energy muon neutrino on 22 September 2017 by IceCube neutrino detector coincides with the multiwavelength flaring from the BL Lac object TXS 0506+056, most likely confirming AGN as a source of high energy cosmic rays and neutrinos. Using the photohadronic model, we have explained the very high energy $γ$-rays observed by MAGIC telescopes few days after the neutrino event and extend the model to calculate the neutrino flux at different windows consistent with the flaring period of TXS 0506+056 and compared with the IceCube and MAGIC estimates. We also use this model to e…
We perform an unbiased search of the origin of the recently observed 28 events above ~30 TeV in the IceCube neutrino observatory, assuming that these are (apart from the atmospheric background) of astrophysical origin produced by photohadronic interactions. Instead of relying on the normalization of the neutrino flux, we demonstrate that spectral shape and flavor composition can be used to constrain or identify the source class. In order to quantify our observations, we use a model where the target photons are produced by the synchrotron emission of co-accelerated electrons, and we include mag…
The recent IceCube discovery of 0.1-1 PeV neutrinos of astrophysical origin opens up a new era for high-energy astrophysics. Although there are various astrophysical candidate sources, a firm association of the detected neutrinos with one (or more) of them is still lacking. A recent analysis of plausible astrophysical counterparts within the error circles of IceCube events showed that likely counterparts for nine of the IceCube neutrinos include mostly BL Lacs, among which Mrk 421. Motivated by this result and a previous independent analysis on the neutrino emission from Mrk 421, we test the B…
IceCube detects more than 100,000 neutrinos per year in the GeV- to PeV-energy range. Among those, we have isolated a flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. I will discuss the instrument, the analysis of the data, the significance of the discovery of cosmic neutrinos, and the recent multi-messenger observation of a flaring TeV blazar in coincidence with the IceCube neutrino alert IC170922.
The number of ultrahigh energy events at IceCube is estimated, for the first time, taking into account non-linear QCD effects in the neutrino - hadron cross section. We assume that the extragalactic neutrino flux is given by $Φ_ν(E_ν)=Φ_{0}E^{-2}_ν$ and estimate the neutrino - hadron cross section using the dipole approach and a phenomenological model for the dipole - hadron cross section based on non-linear QCD dynamics. We demonstrate that the non-linear prediction is able to describe the current IceCube data and that the magnitude of the non-linear effects is larger than 20 % for visible en…
Recently ANTARES collaboration presented a time dependent analysis to a selected number of flaring blazars to look for upward going muon events produced from the charge current interaction of the muon neutrinos. We use the same list of flaring blazars to look for possible positional correlation with the IceCube neutrino events. In the context of photohadronic model we propose that the neutrinos are produced within the nuclear region of the blazar where Fermi accelerated high energy protons interact with the background synchrotron/SSC photons. Although we found that some objects from the ANTARE…
The IceCube Collaboration has observed 37 neutrino events in the energy range $30\, TeV\leq E_ν \leq 2$ PeV and the sources of these neutrinos are unknown. Here we have shown that positions of 12 high energy blazars and the position of the FR-I galaxy Centaurus A, coincide within the error circles of ten IceCube events, the later being in the error circle of the highest energy event so far observed by IceCube. Two of the above blazars are simultaneously within the error circles of the Telescope Array hotspot and one IceCube event. We found that the blazar H2356-309 is within the error circles …
The number of events observed in neutrino telescopes depends on the neutrino fluxes in the Earth, their absorption while crossing the Earth and their interaction in the detector. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the QCD dynamics at high energies on the energy dependence of the average inelasticity and angular dependence of the absorption probability during the neutrino propagation through the Earth, as well in the determination of the properties of the incident astrophysical neutrino flux. Moreover, the number of events at the IceCube and IceCube - Gen2 are estimated considering dif…
Binary neutron star (BNS) mergers can be sources of ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays and potential emitters of UHE neutrinos. The upcoming and current radio neutrino detectors like the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND), IceCube-Gen2 Radio, and the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) are projected to reach the required sensitivities to search for these neutrinos. In particular, in conjunction with the next-generation of gravitational wave (GW) detectors like Cosmic Explorer (CE) and Einstein Telescope (ET), GW-triggered stacking searches can be performed with the UH…
The observed spectrum of ultrahigh energy neutrinos at IceCube might be indicative of absorption of such neutrinos in ultralight dark matter halos. We point out that various features of this spectrum can be explained by such absorptions. For a light $Z^\prime$-mediated $t$-channel interaction between dark matter and neutrinos, we propose a novel mechanism of absorption of these neutrinos at particular energies. This can save the models of AGN predicting large neutrino flux at energies more than a PeV.
We study the Glashow resonance $\barν_e + e^- \rightarrow W^- \rightarrow$ hadrons at 6.3 PeV as diagnostic of the production processes of ultra-high energy neutrinos. The focus lies on describing the physics of neutrino production from pion decay as accurate as possible by including the kinematics of weak decays and Monte Carlo simulations of pp and p$γ$ interactions. We discuss optically thick (to photohadronic interactions) sources, sources of cosmic ray nuclei and muon damped sources. Even in the proposed upgrade IceCube-Gen2, a discrimination of scenarios such as pp versus p$γ$ is extreme…
We study general implications of the IceCube observations in the energy range from $10^{6}$ GeV to $10^{10}$ GeV for the origin of extragalactic ultrahigh energy cosmic rays assuming that high energy neutrinos are generated by the photomeson production of protons in the extragalactic universe. The PeV-energy neutrino flux observed by IceCube gives strong bounds on the photomeson-production optical depth of protons in their sources and the intensity of the proton component of extragalactic cosmic rays. The neutrino flux implies that extragalactic cosmic-ray sources should have the optical depth…
The origin and composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) remain a mystery. The proton dip model describes their spectral shape in the energy range above $10^9$ GeV by pair production and photohadronic interactions with the cosmic microwave background. The photohadronic interactions also produce cosmogenic neutrinos peaking around $10^9$ GeV. We test whether this model is still viable in light of recent UHECR spectrum measurements from the Telescope Array experiment, and upper limits on the cosmogenic neutrino flux from IceCube. While two-parameter fits have been already presented, …
Blazars are among the most powerful steady sources in the Universe. Multi-messenger searches for blazars have traditionally focused on their gamma-ray emission, which can be produced simultaneously with neutrinos in photohadronic interactions. However, X-ray data can be equally vital to constrain the SED of these sources, since the hadronically co-produced gamma-rays could get absorbed by the ambient photon fields and cascade down to X-ray energies before escaping. In this work, we present the outline for an untriggered, time-dependent analysis of neutrino flares from the direction of X-ray se…
Recent ultrahigh energy gamma-ray observations by the HAWC up to 100 TeV and LHAASO observatories up to 1.4 PeV energies from the direction of Fermi-LAT 4FGL source 4FGL J2028.6+4110e (Cygnus Cocoon), are indicative of a hadronic origin over a leptonic process for their creation. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has reported IceCube-201120A, a neutrino event coming from the same direction, suggesting that the Cygnus Cocoon may correspond to one of the most plausible sources of high-energy cosmic rays. The apparent relationship of the neutrino event with the observed ultra high energy gamma-ray…
Motivated by Pierre Auger Observatory results favoring a heavy nuclear composition for ultrahigh-energy (UHE) cosmic rays, we investigate implications for the cumulative neutrino background. The requirement that nuclei not be photodisintegrated constrains their interactions in sources, therefore limiting neutrino production via photomeson interactions. Assuming a $dN_{\rm CR}/dE_{\rm CR} \propto E_{\rm CR}^{-2}$ injection spectrum and photodisintegration via the giant dipole resonance, the background flux of neutrinos is lower than $E_ν^2 Φ_ν\sim {10}^{-9} {\rm GeV} {\rm cm}^{-2} {\rm s}^{-1} …
Cosmic neutrino events detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory with energy $\gtrsim 30$ TeV have poor angular resolutions to reveal their origin. Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), with better angular resolutions at $>60$ EeV energies, can be used to check if the same astrophysical sources are responsible for producing both neutrinos and UHECRs. We test this hypothesis, with statistical methods which emphasize invariant quantities, by using data from the Pierre Auger Observatory, Telescope Array and past cosmic-ray experiments. We find that the arrival directions of the cosmic neutrin…
Newborn, strongly magnetized neutron stars (so-called magnetars) surrounded by their stellar or merger ejecta are expected to be sources of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos via decay of mesons produced in hadronic interactions of protons which are accelerated to ultrahigh energies by magnetic dissipation of the spindown energy. We show that not only pions and kaons but also charm hadrons, which are typically neglected due to their small production cross sections, can represent dominant contributions to neutrino fluence at ultrahigh energies, because of their short lifetimes, while the ultrahigh-ener…
Blazars constitute the vast majority of extragalactic $γ$-ray sources. They can also contribute a sizable fraction of the diffuse astrophysical neutrinos detected by IceCube. In the past few years, the real-time alert system of IceCube has led to multiwavelength follow-up of very high-energy neutrino events of plausible astrophysical origin. Spatial and temporal coincidences of these neutrino events with the high-activity state of $γ$-ray blazars can provide a unique opportunity to decipher cosmic-ray interactions in the relativistic jets. Assuming that blazars accelerate cosmic rays up to ult…
The IceCube experiment recently detected the first flux of high-energy neutrinos in excess of atmospheric backgrounds. We examine whether these neutrinos originate from within the same extragalactic sources as ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Starting from rather general assumptions about spectra and flavors, we find that producing a neutrino flux at the requisite level through pion photoproduction leads to a flux of protons well below the cosmic-ray data at ~10^18 eV, where the composition is light, unless pions/muons cool before decaying. This suggests a dominant class of accelerator that allow…
IceCube has recently observed 37 events of TeV-PeV energies. The angular distribution, with a strong preference for downgoing directions, the spectrum, and the small muon to shower ratio in the data can not be accommodated assuming standard interactions of atmospheric neutrinos. We obtain an excellent fit, however, if a diffuse flux of ultrahigh energy (cosmogenic) neutrinos experiences collisions where only a small fraction of the energy is transferred to the target nucleon. We show that consistent models of TeV gravity or other non-Wilsonian completions of the standard model provide cross se…
A recent proposal to associate 60~TeV to 2~PeV IceCube neutrino events with gamma-ray bursts~(GRBs) indicates the Lorentz violation of cosmic neutrinos and leads further to the $CPT$ symmetry violation between neutrinos and antineutrinos. Here we find that another 12 northern hemisphere track events possibly correlated with GRBs from three-year IceCube data satisfy the same regularity at a lower energy scale around 1~TeV. The combined fitting indicates a Lorentz violation scale ${E}_{\rm LV}=(6.4\pm 1.5)\times10^{17}~{ \rm GeV}$ and an intrinsic time difference ${Δ{t}_{\rm in}=(-2.8\pm 0.7)\ti…
The latest IceCube data suggest that the all-flavor cosmic neutrino flux may be as large as 10^-7 GeV/cm^2/s/sr around 30 TeV. We show that, if sources of the TeV-PeV neutrinos are transparent to gamma rays with respect to two-photon annihilation, strong tensions with the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background measured by Fermi are unavoidable, independently of the production mechanism. We further show that, if the IceCube neutrinos have a photohadronic (pgamma) origin, the sources are expected to be opaque to 1-100 GeV gamma rays. With these general multimessenger arguments, we find that the …
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have long been held as one of the most promising sources of ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrinos. The internal shock model of GRB emission posits the joint production of UHE cosmic ray (UHECRs, above 10^8 GeV), photons, and neutrinos, through photohadronic interactions between source photons and magnetically-confined energetic protons, that occur when relativistically-expanding matter shells loaded with baryons collide with one another. While neutrino observations by IceCube have now ruled out the simplest version of the internal shock model, we show that a revised calcula…
The origin of high-energy cosmic neutrinos is one of the biggest mysteries in astroparticle physics. The fact that diffuse intensities of high-energy neutrinos, ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, and GeV-TeV gamma rays are all comparable suggests that these messengers are physically connected. The IceCube data above 100 TeV energies can be naturally explained by cosmic-ray reservoir models. In particular, starburst galaxies and galaxy clusters/groups serve as natural storage rooms of cosmic rays, and it has been theoretically predicted that these sources are promising sites of high-energy neutrinos…
Fast-spinning newborn pulsars are intriguing candidate sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The acceleration of particles with a given composition in a fraction of the extragalactic pulsar population can give a consistent explanation for the measurements of the Auger Observatory. We calculate the associated diffuse neutrino flux produced while particles cross the supernova ejecta surrounding the stars. We show that in the minimal pulsar scenario that are compatible with the UHECR data, the effective optical depth to hadronuclear interactions is larger than unity at ultrahigh energ…
Based on a newly proposed mirror-matter model of neutron-mirror neutron ($n-n'$) oscillations, the puzzles related to ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are explained. In particular, the phenomena around the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff for UHECRs can be well understood under the new mirror matter model assuming a mirror-to-ordinary temperature ratio of $T'/T \sim 0.3$. The suppression factor of the GZK effect due to the opacity of cosmic microwave background is calculated and agrees with the observations well. Most of the super-GZK events (i.e., above the GZK cutoff), as predicted …
The sources of IceCube neutrinos are as yet unknown. The multi-messenger observation of their emission in $γ$-rays can be a guide to their identification, as exemplified by the case of TXS 0506+056. We suggest a new method of searching for $γ$-rays with Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescopes from sources in coincidence with possible astrophysical neutrinos. We propose that searches of $γ$-rays are extended, from the current practice of only a few days, to up to one month from a neutrino alert. We test this strategy on simulated sources modeled after the blazar \emph{TXS 0506+056-like}, emitting neut…
The origin of the astrophysical high-energy neutrinos discovered by IceCube is currently a major mystery. The recent detection of IceCube-170922A, a $\sim$300 TeV neutrino potentially correlated with the flaring $γ$-ray source TXS 0506+056, directs attention toward BL Lac objects (BL Lacs), the subclass of blazars with weak emission lines. While high-energy neutrinos can be produced via photohadronic interactions between protons accelerated in their jets and ambient low-energy photons, the density of the latter in such objects had generally been thought to be too low for efficient neutrino emi…
The photo-disintegration of cosmic ray nuclei by starlight leads to the production of secondary antineutrinos. We have assumed that the flux of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray nuclei near the Galactic plane region is the same as that observed near the earth and calculated the antineutrino flux produced from their photo-disintegration. The IceCube detector has measured the neutrino/antineutrino flux in the TeV-PeV energy range. Our calculated secondary antineutrino flux in the energy range of 10-100 TeV is found to be much less compared to the flux detected by the IceCube collaboration. The upp…
From GeV to PeV: Orbital Modulation and Wind-Regulated Ultrahigh-energy Emission in Cygnus~X-3
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University（南京大学天文与空间科学学院）；Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education（教育部现代天文学和天体物理学重点实验室（南京大学））；Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center（天府宇宙线研究中心）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所粒子天体物理国家重点实验室）
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), if accelerated in the gamma-ray burst (GRB) blastwave, are expected to produce PeV-EeV neutrinos by interacting with long-lived GRB afterglow photons. Detailed spectral and temporal properties of the flux of these neutrinos depend on the GRB blastwave evolution scenario, but can last for days to years time scale in contrast to the seconds to minutes time scale for "burst" neutrino flux contemporaneous with the prompt gamma-ray emission and which has been constrained by IceCube in the $\sim$ 50 TeV-2 PeV range. We compute expected neutrino events in IceCub…
Multimessenger Constraints on Production Sites of High-Energy Neutrinos from NGC 1068
The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University（京都大学汤川理论物理研究所）；Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）
High to ultrahigh energy neutrino detectors can uniquely probe the properties of dark matter $χ$ by searching for the secondary products produced through annihilation and/or decay processes. We evaluate the sensitivities to dark matter thermally averaged annihilation cross section $\langleσv\rangle$ and partial decay width into neutrinos $Γ_{χ\rightarrowν\barν}$ (in the mass scale $10^7 \leq m_χ/{\rm GeV} \leq 10^{15}$) for next generation observatories like POEMMA and GRAND. We show that in the range $ 10^7 \leq m_χ/{\rm GeV} \leq 10^{11}$, space-based Cherenkov detectors like POEMMA have the…
The IceCube (IC) collaboration recently reported the detection of TeV-PeV extraterrestrial neutrinos whose origin is yet unknown. By the photon-neutrino connection in $pp$ and $pγ$ interactions, we use the \fermi-LAT observations to constrain the origin of the IC detected neutrinos. We find that Galactic origins, i.e., the diffuse Galactic neutrinos due to cosmic ray (CR) propagation in the Milky Way, and the neutrinos from the Galactic point sources, may not produce the IC neutrino flux, thus these neutrinos should be of extragalactic origin. Moreover, the extragalactic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs…
Relativistic winds of fast-spinning pulsars have been proposed as a potential site for cosmic-ray acceleration from very high energies (VHE) to ultrahigh energies (UHE). We re-examine conditions for high-energy neutrino production, considering the interaction of accelerated particles with baryons of the expanding supernova ejecta and the radiation fields in the wind nebula. We make use of the current IceCube sensitivity in diffusive high-energy neutrino background, in order to constrain the parameter space of the most extreme neutron stars as sources of VHE and UHE cosmic rays. We demonstrate …
Ultra-high cosmic rays (UHECRs) with energies >10^19 eV emitted at cosmological distances will be attenuated by cosmic microwave and infrared background radiation through photohadronic processes. Lower energy extra-galactic cosmic rays (~10^18-10^19 eV) can only travel a linear distance smaller than ~Gpc in a Hubble time due to the diffusion if the extra-galactic magnetic fields are as strong as nano Gauss. These prevent us from directly observing most of the UHECRs in the universe, and thus the observed UHECR intensity reflects only the emissivity in the nearby universe within hundreds of Mpc…
Blazars are potential candidates of cosmic-ray acceleration up to ultrahigh energies ($E\gtrsim10^{18}$ eV). For an efficient cosmic-ray injection from blazars, $pγ$ collisions with the extragalactic background light (EBL) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) can produce neutrino spectrum peaks near PeV and EeV energies, respectively. We analyze the contribution of these neutrinos to the diffuse background measured by the IceCube neutrino observatory. The fraction of neutrino luminosity originating from individual redshift ranges is calculated using the distribution of BL Lacs and FSRQs provi…
The luminosity densities of high-energy cosmic radiations are studied to find connections among the various components, including high-energy neutrinos measured with IceCube and gamma rays with the Fermi satellite. Matching the cosmic-ray energy generation rate density in a GeV-TeV range estimated for Milky Way with the ultrahigh-energy component requires a power-law index of the spectrum, $s_{\rm cr}\approx2.1-2.2$, somewhat harder than $s_{\rm cr}\approx2.3-2.4$ for the local index derived from the AMS-02 experiment. The soft GeV-TeV cosmic-ray spectrum extrapolated to higher energies can be…
We have built regions in a Sky map where it should be expected the arrival of 120 EeV ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECR) directionally correlated with the latest astrophysical neutrino tracks observed at IceCube, which are taken as point sources. In order to calculate these arrival directions we have considered contributions to the cosmic rays deflections originated by the galactic and the extragalactic magnetic field, and a UHECR composition compatible with the current expectations. We have used the Jansson-Farrar JF12 model for the Galactic magnetic field and an extragalactic magnetic fiel…
Tidal disruption events (TDE) have been considered as cosmic-ray and neutrino sources for a decade. We suggest two classes of new scenarios for high-energy multi-messenger emission from TDEs that do not have to harbor powerful jets. First, we investigate high-energy neutrino and gamma-ray production in the core region of a supermassive black hole. In particular, we show that about 1-100 TeV neutrinos and MeV gamma-rays can efficiently be produced in hot coronae around an accretion disk. We also study the consequences of particle acceleration in radiatively inefficient accretion flows (RIAFs). …
The hypothesis is considered that the present Galactic cosmic ray spectrum is at present softer than its time average due to source intermittency. Measurements of muogenic nuclides underground could provide an independent measurement of the time averaged spectrum. Source intermittency could also account for the surprising low anisotropy reported by the IceCube collaboration. Predictions for Galactic emission of ultrahigh-energy quanta, such as UHE gamma rays and neutrinos, might be higher or lower than previously estimated.
High-energy neutrinos are expected to originate from different stages in a gamma-ray burst (GRB) event. In this work we revisit the dissipative photospheric scenario, in which the GRB prompt emission is produced around the photospheric radius. Meanwhile, possible dissipation mechanisms (e.g., internal shocks or magnetic reconnection) could accelerate cosmic-rays (CRs) to ultra-high energies and then produce neutrinos via hadronuclear and photohadronic processes, which are referred to as prompt neutrinos. In this paper, we obtain the prompt neutrino spectrum of a single GRB within a self-consis…
High-energy neutrinos from late-time jets of gamma-ray bursts seeded with cocoon photons
Astronomical Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University（东北大学理学研究科天文学研究所）；Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University（东北大学交叉科学前沿研究院）
Rapidly-spinning magnetars can potentially form by the accretion induced collapse of a white dwarf or by neutron star mergers if the equation of state of nuclear density matter is such that two low mass neutron stars can sometimes form a massive neutron star rather than a black hole. In either case, the newly born magnetar is an attractive site for producing ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (particles with individual energies exceeding $10^{18}\,{\rm eV}$; UHECRs). The short-period spin and strong magnetic field are able to accelerate particles up to the appropriate energies, and the composition o…
Observations of TeV--PeV-energy cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube observatory have suggested that extragalactic cosmic-ray sources should have an optical depth greater than $\sim$0.01 and contribute to more than 10\% of the observed bulk of cosmic rays at 10 PeV. If the spectrum of cosmic rays from these extragalactic sources extends well beyond 1 EeV, the neutrino flux indicates that extragalactic cosmic-ray protons are dominant in the observed total cosmic-ray flux at 1 EeV. Among known powerful astronomical objects, including gamma-ray bursters (GRBs), only flat-spectrum radio quasars could (…
We study the frequently used assumption in multi-messenger astrophysics that the gamma-ray and neutrino fluxes are directly connected because they are assumed to be produced by the same photohadronic production chain. An interesting candidate source for this test is the flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS B1424-418, which recently called attention of a potential correlation between an IceCube PeV-neutrino event and its burst phase. We simulate both the multi-waveband photon and the neutrino emission from this source using a self-consistent radiation model. We demonstrate that a simple hadronic mode…
