This paper presents the design process and empirical evaluation of a new tool for enabling ethics by design: The Moral-IT Cards. Better tools are needed to support the role of technologists in addressing ethical issues during system design. These physical cards support reflection by technologists on normative aspects of technology development, specifically on emerging risks, appropriate safeguards and challenges of implementing these in the system. We discuss how the cards were developed and tested within 5 workshops with 20 participants from both research and commercial settings. We consider the role of technologists in ethics from different EU/UK policymaking initiatives and disciplinary perspectives (i.e. Science and Technology Studies (STS), IT Law, Human Computer Interaction (HCI), Computer/Engineering Ethics). We then examine existing ethics by design tools, and other cards based tools before arguing why cards can be a useful medium for addressing complex ethical issues. We present the development process for the Moral-IT cards, document key features of our card design, background on the content, the impact assessment board process for using them and how this was formulated. We discuss our study design and methodology before examining key findings which are clustered around three overarching themes. These are: the value of our cards as a tool, their impact on the technology design process and how they structure ethical reflection practices. We conclude with key lessons and concepts such as how they level the playing field for debate; enable ethical clustering, sorting and comparison; provide appropriate anchors for discussion and highlighted the intertwined nature of ethics.
From computational ethics to morality: how decision-making algorithms can help us understand the emergence of moral principles, the existence of an optimal behaviour and our ability to discover it
Toward equipping Artificial Moral Agents with multiple ethical theories
Computer Science Department, University of Cape Town（开普敦大学计算机科学系）；University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）
人工道德代理（Artificial Moral Agents，AMA）是计算机科学中的一个领域，其目的是创建能够做出类似于人类行为的道德决策的自主机器。研究人员提出了创造这种机器的理论方法，而哲学家则对这些机器应该如何运作，或者它们是否应该存在进行了争论。在目前理论化的AMA中，所有的研究和设计都是在没有或至多有一个特定的规范伦理理论作为基础的情况下完成的。这是有问题的，因为它缩小了AMA的功能能力和多功能性，这反过来又导致了少数人同意的道德结果（从而破坏了AMA在人类意义上的道德能力）。作为解决方案，我们设计了一个三层模型的一般规范的道德理论，可用于序列化的人和企业的道德观点的AMA在推理过程中使用。四个具体的道德规范（康德主义，神的命令理论，功利主义和利己主义）进行了建模和评估的概念证明规范建模。此外，所有模型都被序列化为XML/XSD，作为支持计算机化的证明。
Engaging Engineering Teams Through Moral Imagination: A Bottom-Up Approach for Responsible Innovation and Ethical Culture Change in Technology Companies
本文提出“道德想象力”方法论，通过在 Google 开展 50 余场工作坊，自下而上推动工程团队负责任创新与伦理文化变革，作为现有伦理审查与合规机制的关键补充。
Machine Ethics: The Creation of a Virtuous Machine
人工智能（AI）最初是作为一种隐含的道德代理人开发的，用于解决简单而明确定义的任务，其中所有选项都是可预测的。然而，它现在是我们日常生活的一部分，为手机，相机，手表，恒温器，吸尘器，汽车等等供电。这引起了许多关注，一些学者和从业者强调人工智能的危险，并反对其发展为可以推理道德的道德代理人（例如，Bryson 2008; Johnson and Miller 2008; Sharkey 2017; Tonkens 2009; van Wynsberghe and Robbins 2019）。即使我们承认潜在的威胁，与大多数其他学者（例如，Anderson and Anderson 2010; Moor 2006; Scheutz 2016; Wallach 2010），我们认为人工智能的进步不能停止，开发人员需要准备人工智能来维持明确的道德代理人，并在复杂和道德突出的环境中面对道德困境。
The Staircase of Ethics: Probing LLM Value Priorities through Multi-Step Induction to Complex Moral Dilemmas
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Media Synthesis and Forensics Lab（媒体合成与取证实验室）；Zhongguancun Laboratory（中关村实验室）
Informed AI Regulation: Comparing the Ethical Frameworks of Leading LLM Chatbots Using an Ethics-Based Audit to Assess Moral Reasoning and Normative Values
When Ethics and Payoffs Diverge: LLM Agents in Morally Charged Social Dilemmas
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen（图宾根人工智能研究所）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Vector Institute（向量研究所）
Contextualizing Artificially Intelligent Morality: A Meta-Ethnography of Top-Down, Bottom-Up, and Hybrid Models for Theoretical and Applied Ethics in Artificial Intelligence
Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Courses
University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；IBM T.J. Watson Research Center（IBM T.J. 沃森研究中心）；UNSW（新南威尔士大学）；Data61/CSIRO（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织 Data61）；TU Berlin（柏林工业大学）
