Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications have attracted significant attention from both academia and industry. To facilitate the large-scale usage of UAVs for various applications in practice, we provide a comprehensive survey on the prototype and experiment for UAV communications. To this end, we first provide an overview on the general architecture of the prototype and experiment for UAV communications, and then present experimental verification for air-to-ground channel models and UAV energy consumption models. Next, we discuss measurement experiments on two promising paradigms of UAV communications, namely cellular-connected UAVs and UAV-enabled aerial communication platforms. For the former, we focus on the feasibility study and address the interference mitigation issue. For UAV-enabled aerial communication platforms, we present three scenarios, namely UAV-enabled aerial base stations, UAV-enabled aerial relays and UAV-enabled aerial data collection/dissemination. Finally, we point out some promising future directions for prototype and experimental measurements for UAV communications.
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have found numerous applications and are expected to bring fertile business opportunities in the next decade. Among various enabling technologies for UAVs, wireless communication is essential and has drawn significantly growing attention in recent years. Compared to the conventional terrestrial communications, UAVs' communications face new challenges due to their high altitude above the ground and great flexibility of movement in the three-dimensional (3D) space. Several critical issues arise, including the line-of-sight (LoS) dominant UAV-ground channels and re…
The effective integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in future wireless communication systems depends on the conscious use of their limited energy, which constrains their flight time. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can be used in combination with UAVs with the aim to improve the communication performance without increasing complexity at the UAV side. In this paper, we propose a synergetic UAV RIS communication system, utilizing a UAV with a highly directional antenna aiming to the RIS. The proposed scenario can be applied in all air-to-ground RIS-assisted networks and numer…
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communication becomes a promising technique to realize the beyond fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, due to the high mobility and maneuverability of UAVs which can adapt to heterogeneous requirements of different applications. However, the movement of UAVs impose challenge for accurate beam alignment between the UAV and the ground user equipment (UE). In this letter, we propose a deep learning-based location-aware predictive beamforming scheme to track the beam for UAV communications in a dynamic scenario. Specifically, a long short-term memory (LST…
Jittering effects significantly degrade the performance of UAV millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. To investigate the impacts of UAV jitter on mmWave communications, we firstly model UAV mmWave channel based on the geometric relationship between element antennas of the uniform planar arrays (UPAs). Then, we extract the relationship between (I) UAV attitude angles & position coordinates and (II) angle of arrival (AoA) & angle of departure (AoD) of mmWave channel, and we also derive the distribution of AoA/AoD at UAV side from the random fluctuations of UAV attitude angles, i.e., UAV jitter…
A novel approach that combines visible light communication (VLC) with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to simultaneously provide flexible communication and illumination is proposed. To minimize the power consumption, the locations of UAVs and the cell associations are optimized under illumination and communication constraints. An efficient sub-optimal solution that divides the original problem into two sub-problems is proposed. The first sub-problem is modeled as a classical smallest enclosing disk problem to obtain the optimal locations of UAVs, given the cell association. Then, assuming fixed…
In this paper, we study the resource allocation and trajectory design for secure unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communication systems, where multiple multi-purpose UAV base stations are dispatched to provide secure communications to multiple legitimate ground users (GUs) in the existence of multiple eavesdroppers (Eves). Specifically, by leveraging orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), active UAV base stations can communicate to their desired ground users via the assigned subcarriers while idle UAV base stations can serve as jammer simultaneously for communication secur…
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communications have been proposed as a critical part of the beyond fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks. This type of communications is frequently characterized by line-of-sight (LoS) and dynamic propagation conditions. However, in various scenarios, the presence of large obstacles in the LoS path is unavoidable, resulting in shadowed fading environments. In this paper, a new channel model is proposed, in which the effects of mobility and shadowing are simultaneously considered. In particular, the performance of a UAV-based communication system operatin…
As unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to play a significant role in fifth generation (5G) networks, addressing spectrum scarcity in UAV communications remains a pressing issue. In this regard, the feasibility of full-duplex non-orthogonal multiple access (FD-NOMA) UAV communications to improve spectrum utilization is investigated in this paper. Specifically, closed-form outage probability expressions are presented for FD-NOMA, half-duplex non-orthogonal multiple access (HD-NOMA), and half-duplex orthogonal multiple access (HD-OMA) schemes over Rician shadowed fading channels. Extensi…
The impact of buildings blockage on the UAVs communications in different UAVs heights is studied, when UAVs fly in a given rectangular urban area. This paper analyzes the properties of blockage behavior of communication links between UAVs from layers of different heights, including two main stochastic properties, namely the blockage (or LOS) probabilities, and the state transition models (birth-death process of LOS propagation). Based on stochastic geometry methods, the relation between LOS probability and the parameters of the region and the buildings is derived and verified with simulations.…
In this article, we consider a cellular network deployment where UAV-to-UAV (U2U) transmit-receive pairs coexist with the uplink (UL) of cellular ground users (GUEs). Our analysis focuses on comparing two spectrum sharing mechanisms: i) overlay, where the available time-frequency resources are split into orthogonal portions for U2U and GUE communications, and ii) underlay, where the same resources may be accessed by both link types, resulting in mutual interference. We evaluate the coverage probability and rate of all links and their interplay to identify the best spectrum sharing mechanism. A…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are foreseen to constitute promising airborne communication devices as a benefit of their superior channel quality. But UAV-to-ground (U2G) communications are vulnerable to eavesdropping. Hence, we conceive a sophisticated physical layer security solution for improving the secrecy rate of multi-antenna aided U2G systems. Explicitly, the secrecy rate of the U2G MIMO wiretap channels is derived by using random matrix theory. The resultant explicit expression is then applied in the joint optimization of the MIMO transceiver and the UAV location relying on an altern…
In this letter, we study the simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS) assisted unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications. Our goal is to maximize the sum rate of all users by jointly optimizing the STAR-RIS's beamforming vectors, the UAV's trajectory and power allocation. We decompose the formulated non-convex problem into three subproblems and solve them alternately to obtain the solution. Simulations show that: 1) the STAR-RIS achieves a higher sum rate than traditional RIS; 2) to exploit the benefits of STAR-RIS, the UAV's trajectory is clo…
This article proposes a novel framework for unmaned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks with massive access capability supported by non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In order to better understand NOMA enabled UAV networks, three case studies are carried out. We first provide performance evaluation of NOMA enabled UAV networks by adopting stochastic geometry to model the positions of UAVs and ground users. Then we investigate the joint trajectory design and power allocation for static NOMA users based on a simplified two-dimensional (2D) model that UAV is flying around at fixed height. As a furt…
In this letter, we investigate a UAV-enabled communication system, where a UAV is deployed to communicate with the ground node (GN) in the presence of multiple jammers. We aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the UAV by optimizing its trajectory, subject to the UAV's mobility constraints. However, the formulated problem is difficult to solve due to the non-convex and fractional form of the objective function. Thus, we propose an iterative algorithm based on successive convex approximation (SCA) technique and Dinkelbach's algorithm to solve it. Numerical results show that the proposed …
This paper proposes a generalised propulsion energy consumption model (PECM) for rotary-wing ummanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the consideration of the practical thrust-to-weight ratio (TWR) with respect to the velocity, acceleration and direction change of the UAVs. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed PECM, we consider a UAV-enabled communication system, where a rotary-wing UAV serves multiple ground users as an aerial base station. We aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the UAV by jointly optimizing the user scheduling and UAV trajectory variables. However, the formulat…
We consider a cellular network deployment where UAV-to-UAV (U2U) transmit-receive pairs share the same spectrum with the uplink (UL) of cellular ground users (GUEs). For this setup, we focus on analyzing and comparing the performance of two spectrum sharing mechanisms: (i) underlay, where the same time-frequency resources may be accessed by both UAVs and GUEs, resulting in mutual interference, and (ii)overlay, where the available resources are divided into orthogonal portions for U2U and GUE communications. We evaluate the coverage probability and rate of both link types and their interplay to…
In the finite blocklength scenario, which is suitable for practical applications, a method of maximizing the average effective secrecy rate (AESR) is proposed for a UAV-enabled secure communication by optimizing the UAV's trajectory and transmit power subject to the UAV's mobility constraints and transmit power constraints. To address the formulated non-convex optimization problem, it is first decomposed into two non-convex subproblems. Then the two subproblems are converted respectively into two convex subproblems via the first-order approximation. Finally, an alternating iteration algorithm …
Reliable and direct communication between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could facilitate autonomous flight, collision avoidance, and cooperation in UAV swarms. In this paper, we consider UAV-to-UAV (U2U) communications underlaying a cellular network, where UAV transmit-receive pairs share the same spectrum with the uplink (UL) of cellular ground users (GUEs). We evaluate the performance of this setup through an analytical framework that embraces realistic height-dependent channel models, antenna patterns, and practical power control mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that, although the pres…
This work employs an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a jammer to aid a covert communication from a transmitter Alice to a receiver Bob, where the UAV transmits artificial noise (AN) with random power to deliberately create interference to a warden Willie. In the considered system, the UAV's trajectory is critical to the covert communication performance, since the AN transmitted by the UAV also generates interference to Bob. To maximize the system performance, we formulate an optimization problem to jointly design the UAV's trajectory and Alice's transmit power. The formulated optimization pro…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have steadily gained attention to overcome the harsh propagation loss and blockage issue of millimeter-wave communication. However, UAV communication systems suffer from energy consumption, which limits the flying time of UAVs. In this paper, we propose several UAV energy consumption minimization techniques through the aid of multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). In specific, we introduce a tractable model to effectively capture the characteristics of multiple IRSs and multiple user equipments (UEs). Then, we derive a closed form expression for the UE…
Wireless communication with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a promising technology for future communication systems. In this paper, we study energy-efficient UAV communication with a ground terminal via optimizing the UAV's trajectory, a new design paradigm that jointly considers both the communication throughput and the UAV's energy consumption. To this end, we first derive a theoretical model on the propulsion energy consumption of fixed-wing UAVs as a function of the UAV's flying speed, direction and acceleration, based on which the energy efficiency of UAV communication is defined. Then…
In this letter, we study a wireless communication system with a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) employed to collect information from a group of ground nodes (GNs). Our objective is to maximize the UAV's energy efficiency (EE), which is defined as the achievable rate among all GNs per unit propulsion energy consumption of the UAV. To efficiently solve this problem with continuous-time functions, we propose a new method based on receding horizon optimization (RHO), which significantly reduces the computational complexity compared to the conventional time discretization method. Specifica…
In this paper, we investigate the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission networks, where one UAV acting as a disseminator is connected to multiple access points, and the other UAV acting as a base station (BS) collects data from numerous sensor nodes. The goal of this paper is to maximize the sum of the UAV-BS and UAV-AP system throughput by jointly optimizing the 3D UAV trajectory, communication scheduling, and UAV-AP/SN transmit power. We first consider a special case where the UAV-BS and UAV-AP trajectories are pre-determined. Although the resultin…
We study support for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications through a cell-free massive MIMO architecture. Under the general assumption that the propagation channel between the mobile stations, either UAVs or ground users, and the access points follows a Ricean distribution, we derive closed form spectral efficiency lower bounds for uplink and downlink with linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation. We also propose power allocation and user scheduling strategies for such a system. Our numerical results reveal that a cell-free massive MIMO architecture may provide better…
In this paper, we study an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication system, where a ground node (GN) communicate with a UAV assisted by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) in the presence of a jammer with imperfect location information. We aim to improve the achievable average rate via the joint robust design of UAV trajectory, IRS passive beamforming and GN's power allocation. However, the formulated optimization problem is challenging to solve due to its non-convexity and coupled variables. To overcome the difficulty, we propose an alternating optimization (AO) based algorithm to solve i…
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the terrestrial cellular networks is envisioned as one key technology for next-generation wireless communications. In this work, we consider the physical layer security of the communications links in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum which are maintained by UAVs functioning as base stations (BS). In particular, we propose a new precoding strategy which incorporates the channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper (Eve) compromising link security. We show that our proposed precoder strategy eliminates any need for artificial noi…
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is expected to bring transformative improvement to the integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. However, due to shared spectrum resources, it is challenging to achieve a critical trade-off between these two integrated functionalities. To address this issue, we propose in this paper a new integrated \emph{periodic} sensing and communication mechanism for the UAV-enable ISAC system. Specifically, the user achievable rate is maximized via jointly optimizing UAV trajectory, transmit precoder, and sensing start instant, subject to the sensing frequency and b…
Due to their flexible deployment and on-demand mobility, small-scale unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are anticipated to be involved in widespread communication applications in the forthcoming fifth-generation (5G) networks. However, the confidentiality of UAV communication applications is vulnerable to security threats due to the broadcast nature and dominant line-of-sight (LoS) channel conditions, and physical-layer security (PLS) technique can be applied for secrecy performance enhancement in such a context. On the other hand, it is also promising to exploit UAVs to cooperatively protect sec…
This letter proposes a new full-duplex (FD) secrecy communication scheme for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and investigates its optimal design to achieve the maximum energy efficiency (EE) of the UAV. Specifically, the UAV receives the confidential information from a ground source and meanwhile sends jamming signals to interfere with a potential ground eavesdropper. As the UAV has limited on-board energy in practice, we aim to maximize the EE for its secrecy communication, by jointly optimizing the UAV trajectory and the source/UAV transmit/jamming powers over a finite flight period with g…
In this letter, we study multiuser communication systems enabled by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is equipped with a directional antenna of adjustable beamwidth. We propose a fly-hover-and-communicate protocol where the ground terminals (GTs) are partitioned into disjoint clusters that are sequentially served by the UAV as it hovers above the corresponding cluster centers. We jointly optimize the UAV's flying altitude and antenna beamwidth for throughput optimization in three fundamental multiuser communication models, namely UAV-enabled downlink multicasting (MC), downlink broadcastin…
UAV-based wireless systems, such as wireless relay and remote sensing, have attracted great attentions from academia and industry. To realize them, a high-performance wireless aerial communication system, which bridges UAVs and ground stations, is one of the key enablers. However, there are still issues hindering its development, such as the severe co-channel interference among UAVs, and the limited payload/battery-life of UAVs. To address the challenges, we propose an aerial communication system which enables system-level full-duplex communication of multiple UAVs with lower hardware complexi…
Multi-way and device-to-device (D2D) communications are currently considered for the design of future communication systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be effectively deployed to extend the communication range of D2D networks. To model the UAV-D2D interaction, we study a multi-antenna multi-way channel with two D2D users and an intermittently available UAV node. The performance in terms of sum-rate of various transmission schemes is compared. Numerical results show that for different ground environments, the scheme based on a combination of interference alignment, zero-forcing and era…
Laser power has become a viable solution to provide convenient and sustainable energy supply to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this paper, we study a laser-powered UAV wireless communication system, where a laser transmitter sends laser beams to charge a fixed-wing UAV in flight, and the UAV uses the harvested laser energy to communicate with a ground station. To maintain the UAV's sustainable operation, its total energy consumption cannot exceed that harvested from the laser transmitter. Under such a laser energy harvesting constraint, we maximize the downlink communication throughput fr…
In this paper, we investigate resource allocation design for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled communication systems, where a UAV is dispatched to provide communications to multiple user nodes. Our objective is to maximize the communication system throughput by jointly optimizing the subcarrier allocation policy and the trajectory of the UAV, while taking into account the minimum required data rate for each user node, no-fly zones (NFZs), the maximum UAV cruising speed, and initial/final UAV locations. The design is formulated as a mixed integer non-convex optimization problem which is gen…
This letter investigates an uplink power control problem for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) assisted wireless communications. We jointly optimize the UAV's flying altitude, antenna beamwidth, UAV's location and ground terminals' allocated bandwidth and transmit power to minimize the sum uplink power subject to the minimal rate demand. An iterative algorithm is proposed with low complexity to obtain a suboptimal solution. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve good performance in terms of uplink sum power saving.
This paper presents a new cooperative jamming approach to secure the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication by leveraging jamming from other nearby UAVs to defend against the eavesdropping. In particular, we consider a two-UAV scenario when one UAV transmitter delivers the confidential information to a ground node (GN), and the other UAV jammer cooperatively sends artificial noise (AN) to confuse the ground eavesdropper for protecting the confidentiality of the data transmission. By exploiting the fully-controllable mobility, the two UAVs can adaptively adjust their locations over time (a…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a great potential for improving the performance of wireless communication systems due to their wide coverage and high mobility. In this paper, we study a UAV-enabled data collection system, where a UAV is dispatched to collect a given amount of data from a ground terminals (GT) at fixed location. Intuitively, if the UAV flies closer to the GT, the uplink transmission energy of the GT required to send the target data can be more reduced. However, such UAV movement may consume more propulsion energy of the UAV, which needs to be properly controlled to save it…
This paper advocates a pair of strategies in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) communications, where multiple UAVs play as new aerial communications platforms for serving terrestrial NOMA users. A new multiple UAVs framework with invoking stochastic geometry technique is proposed, in which a pair of practical strategies are considered: 1) the UAV-centric strategy for offloading actions and 2) the user-centric strategy for providing emergency communications. In order to provide practical insights for the proposed NOMA assisted UAV framework, an imperfect s…
This paper investigates a new scenario of spectrum sharing between unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and terrestrial wireless communication, in which a cognitive/secondary UAV transmitter communicates with a ground secondary receiver (SR), in the presence of a number of primary terrestrial communication links that operate over the same frequency band. We exploit the UAV's mobility in three-dimensional (3D) space to improve its cognitive communication performance while controlling the co-channel interference at the primary receivers (PRs), such that the received interference power at each PR is bel…
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications has drawn significant interest recently due to many advantages such as low cost, high mobility, and on-demand deployment. This paper addresses the issue of physical-layer security in a UAV communication system, where a UAV sends confidential information to a legitimate receiver in the presence of a potential eavesdropper which are both on the ground. We aim to maximize the secrecy rate of the system by jointly optimizing the UAV's trajectory and transmit power over a finite horizon. In contrast to the existing literature on wireless security with st…
Wireless communication enabled by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has emerged as an appealing technology for many application scenarios in future wireless systems. However, the limited endurance of UAVs greatly hinders the practical implementation of UAV-enabled communications. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a novel scheme for UAV-enabled communications by utilizing the promising technique of proactive caching at the users. Specifically, we focus on content-centric communication systems, where a UAV is dispatched to serve a group of ground nodes (GNs) with random and asynchronous …
We consider device-to-device (D2D) wireless information and power transfer systems using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a relay-assisted node. As the energy capacity and flight time of UAVs is limited, a significant issue in deploying UAV is to manage energy consumption in real-time application, which is proportional to the UAV transmit power. To tackle this important issue, we develop a real-time resource allocation algorithm for maximizing the energy efficiency by jointly optimizing the energy-harvesting time and power control for the considered (D2D) communication embedded with UAV. We…
This letter studies a wireless system consisting of distributed ground terminals (GTs) communicating with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that serves as a mobile base station (BS). The UAV flies cyclically above the GTs at a fixed altitude, which results in a cyclical pattern of the strength of the UAV-GT channels. To exploit such periodic channel variations, we propose a new cyclical multiple access (CMA) scheme to schedule the communications between the UAV and GTs in a cyclical time-division manner based on the flying UAV's position. The time allocations to different GTs are optimized to m…
In this paper, we consider unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) assisted cellular communication system, where UAVs can be used as amplify-and-forward (AF) relays. The effective channel with UAV assisted communication can be modeled as a Rayleigh product-channel, and we derive a tight lower-bound of the ergodic capacity in closed-form. With the obtained lower-bound, trade-offs between the transmit power and the equipped number of antennas of the UAVs can be analyzed. Alternatively, for a giving setting of users and the base-transceiver station (BTS), the needed transmit power and number of antennas …
This paper proposes an integrated sensing, jamming, and communications (ISJC) framework for securing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled wireless networks. The proposed framework advocates the dual use of artificial noise transmitted by an information UAV for simultaneous jamming and sensing of an eavesdropping UAV. Based on the information sensed in the previous time slot, an optimization problem for online resource allocation design is formulated to maximize the number of securely served users in the current time slot, while taking into account a tracking performance constraint and quality…
What will the future of UAV cellular communications be? In this tutorial article, we address such a compelling yet difficult question by embarking on a journey from 5G to 6G and sharing a large number of realistic case studies supported by original results. We start by overviewing the status quo on UAV communications from an industrial standpoint, providing fresh updates from the 3GPP and detailing new 5G NR features in support of aerial devices. We then show the potential and the limitations of such features. In particular, we demonstrate how sub-6 GHz massive MIMO can successfully tackle cel…
This paper studies unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) enabled wireless communication, where a rotarywing UAV is dispatched to send/collect data to/from multiple ground nodes (GNs). We aim to minimize the total UAV energy consumption, including both propulsion energy and communication related energy, while satisfying the communication throughput requirement of each GN. To this end, we first derive an analytical propulsion power consumption model for rotary-wing UAVs, and then formulate the energy minimization problem by jointly optimizing the UAV trajectory and communication time allocation among GN…
This paper studies unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aided wireless communication systems where a UAV supports uplink communications of multiple ground nodes (GNs) while flying over the area of the interest. In this system, the propulsion energy consumption at the UAV is taken into account so that the UAV's velocity and acceleration should not exceed a certain threshold. We formulate the minimum average rate maximization problem and the energy efficiency (EE) maximization problem by jointly optimizing the trajectory, velocity, and acceleration of the UAV and the uplink transmit power at the GNs. A…
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be an important new class of users in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G cellular networks. In particular, there are emerging UAV applications such as aerial photograph and data relaying that require high-speed communications between the UAVs and the ground base stations (GBSs). Due to the high UAV altitude, the strong line-of-sight (LoS) links generally dominate the channels between the UAVs and GBSs, which brings both opportunities and challenges in the design of future wireless networks supporting both terrestrial and aerial users. Althou…
Numerous communications and networking challenges prevent deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in extreme environments where the existing wireless technologies are mainly ground-focused; and, as a consequence, the air-to-air channel for UAVs is not fully covered. In this paper, a novel spatial estimation for beamforming is proposed to address UAV-based joint sensing and communications (JSC). The proposed spatial estimation algorithm relies on using a delay tolerant observer-based predictor, which can accurately predict the positions of the target UAVs in the presence of uncertainties due …
In this paper, the problem of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment, power allocation, and bandwidth allocation is investigated for a UAV-assisted wireless system operating at terahertz (THz) frequencies. In the studied model, one UAV can service ground users using the THz frequency band. However, the highly uncertain THz channel will introduce new challenges to the UAV location, user power, and bandwidth allocation optimization problems. Therefore, it is necessary to design a novel framework to deploy UAVs in the THz wireless systems. This problem is formally posed as an optimization probl…
