J. W. van Wingerden, P. A. Fleming, T. Göçmen, I. Eguinoa, B. M. Doekemeijer, K. Dykes, M. Lawson, E. Simley, J. King, D. Astrain, M. Iribas, C. L. Bottasso, J.… 展开作者
J. W. van Wingerden, P. A. Fleming, T. Göçmen, I. Eguinoa, B. M. Doekemeijer, K. Dykes, M. Lawson, E. Simley, J. King, D. Astrain, M. Iribas, C. L. Bottasso, J. Meyers, S. Raach, K. Kölle, G. Giebel
Wind farm control is an active and growing field of research in which the control actions of individual turbines in a farm are coordinated, accounting for inter-turbine aerodynamic interaction, to improve the overall performance of the wind farm and to reduce costs. The primary objectives of wind farm control include increasing power production, reducing turbine loads, and providing electricity grid support services. Additional objectives include improving reliability or reducing external impacts to the environment and communities. In 2019, a European research project (FarmConners) was started with the main goal of providing an overview of the state-of-the-art in wind farm control, identifying consensus of research findings, data sets, and best practices, providing a summary of the main research challenges, and establishing a roadmap on how to address these challenges. Complementary to the FarmConners project, an IEA Wind Topical Expert Meeting (TEM) and two rounds of surveys among experts were performed. From these events we can clearly identify an interest in more public validation campaigns. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the mechanical loads and the uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of wind farm control are considered two major research gaps.
Due to the fluctuating nature of the wind and the increasing use of wind energy as a power source, wind power will have an increasing negative influence on the stability of the power grid. In this paper, a model predictive control strategy is introduced that not only stabilizes the power produced by wind farms, but also creates the possibility to perform power reference tracking with wind farms. With power reference tracking, it is possible for grid operators to adapt the power production to a change in the power demand and to counteract fluctuations that are introduced by other power generato…
This paper implements a recently developed social hierarchy-based distributed economic model predictive control (DEMPC) algorithm in floating offshore wind farms for the purpose of power maximization. The controller achieves this objective using the concept of yaw and induction-based turbine repositioning (YITuR), which minimizes the overlap areas between adjacent floating wind turbine rotors in real-time to minimize the wake effect. Floating wind farm dynamics and performance are predicted numerically using FOWFSim-Dyn. To ensure fast decision-making by the DEMPC algorithm, feed-forward neura…
This paper suggests leveraging reactive power potential (RPP) embedded in wind farms to improve power system operational safety and optimality. First, three typical RPP provision approaches are analyzed and a two-stage robust linear optimization based RPP evaluation method is proposed. This approach yields an RPP range that ensures the security of wind farm operations under any realization of uncertainty regarding the wind farm. Simplified DistFlow equations are employed here for a compromise between computational accuracy and cost. Next, an uncertain RPP-involved reactive power optimization p…
As wind power penetration increases, the wind farms are required by newly released grid codes to provide frequency regulation service. The most critical challenge is how to formulate the dynamic model of wind farm for dynamic control, since it is essentially is nonlinear and there are huge amount of parameters to be maintained frequently. This paper proposes a data-driven model predictive control (data-driven MPC) method to make wind farms participate primary frequency regulation. In this method,a specialized dynamic mode decomposition (SDMD) algorithm is developed, which can linearly approxim…
Recent years have seen an unprecedented growth in the use of sensor data to guide wind farm operations and maintenance. Emerging sensor-driven approaches typically focus on optimal maintenance procedures for single turbine systems, or model multiple turbines in wind farms as single component entities. In reality, turbines are composed of multiple components that dynamically interact throughout their lifetime. These interactions are central for realistic assessment and control of turbine failure risks. In this paper, an integrated framework that combines i) real-time degradation models used for…
Wind farm control using dynamic concepts is a research topic that is receiving an increasing amount of interest. The main concept of this approach is that dynamic variations of the wind turbine control settings lead to higher wake turbulence, and subsequently faster wake recovery due to increased mixing. As a result, downstream turbines experience higher wind speeds, thus increasing their energy capture. The current state of the art in dynamic wind farm control is to vary the magnitude of the thrust force of an upstream turbine. Although very effective, this approach also leads to increased po…
Dynamic wind farm control is a new strategy that aims to apply time-varying, often periodic, control signals on upstream wind turbines to increase the wake mixing behind the turbine. As a result, wake recovery is accelerated, leading to a higher power production of downstream turbines. As the amount of interest in dynamic control strategies for wind turbines in a wind farm is increasing, different approaches are being proposed. One such novel approach is called Dynamic Individual Pitch Control (DIPC). In DIPC, each blade pitch angle of a turbine is controlled independently to dynamically manip…
Multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTHVDC) technology is a promising technology for the offshore wind farm integration, which requires the new control and operation scheme. Therefore, the optimal power flow problem for this system is important to achieve the optimal economic operation. In this paper, convex relaxation model based on semidefinite programming for the MT-HVDC system considering DC/DC converters is proposed to solve the optimal power flow problem. A hybrid AC and MT-HVDC system for offshore wind farm integration is used for the test. The simulation results validate the ef…
Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)（齐鲁工业大学（山东省科学院））；Northeast Electric Power University（东北电力大学）；Changchun Institute of Technology（长春工程学院）；Southern University of Science and Technology（南方科技大学）
In recent years, with the development of wind energy, the number and scale of wind farms are developing rapidly. Since offshore wind farm has the advantages of stable wind speed, clean, renewable, non-polluting and no occupation of cultivated land, which has gradually become a new trend of wind power industry all over the world. The operation and maintenance mode of offshore wind power is developing in the direction of digitization and intelligence. It is of great significance to carry out the research on the monitoring, operation and maintenance of offshore wind farm, which will be of benefit…
The dynamic security assessment of power systems needs to scan contingencies in a preselected set through time-domain simulations. With more and more inverter-based-generation, such as wind and solar power generation, integrated into power systems, electro-magnetic transient simulation is adopted. However, the complexity of simulation will increase greatly if inverter-based-generation units are modeled in detail. In order to reduce the complexity of simulation of power systems including large-scale wind farms, it is critical to develop dynamic equivalent methods for wind farms which are applic…
This paper proposes and simulates vertical airborne wind energy (AWE) farms based on multi-aircraft systems with high power density (PD) per ground area. These farms consist of many independently ground located systems that are flying at the same inclination angle, but with different tether lengths, such that all aircraft fly in a large planar elliptical area that is vertical to the tethers. The individual systems are assigned non-overlapping flight cylinders depending on the wind direction. Detailed calculations that take into account Betz' limit, assuming a cubically averaged wind power dens…
Active power control regulates the total power generated by wind farms with the power consumed on the electricity grid. Due to wake effects, the available power is reduced and turbulence is increased at downstream wind turbines. Such effects lead to a design challenge for wind farm control, where the delicate balance between supply and demand should be maintained, while considering the load balancing in the wind turbine structures. We propose a control architecture based on simple feedback controllers that adjusts the demanded power set points of individual wind turbines to compensate for turb…
MOE KLINNS Lab of Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学教育部KLINNS实验室）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）
Aggregated stochastic characteristics of geographically distributed wind generation will provide valuable information for secured and economical system operation in electricity markets. This paper focuses on the uncertainty set prediction of the aggregated generation of geographically distributed wind farms. A Spatio-temporal model is proposed to learn the dynamic features from partial observation in near-surface wind fields of neighboring wind farms. We use Bayesian LSTM, a probabilistic prediction model, to obtain the uncertainty set of the generation in individual wind farms. Then, spatial …
Power systems are currently experiencing a transition towards decarbonisation of electrical generation through large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources. These are gradually replacing conventional thermal power plants which today are the main providers of black start (BS) services. Consequently, in case of a total/partial blackout, conventional black-start resources are not ready for operation. Offshore wind farms (OWFs), with their large capacity and fast controllers, have potential as novel BS units. This new service introduces a need for a new design for wind power systems to be ab…
This work presents a combined feedforward-feedback wake redirection framework for wind farm control. The FLORIS wake model, a control-oriented steady-state wake model is used to calculate optimal yaw angles for a given wind farm layout and atmospheric condition. The optimal yaw angles, which maximize the total power output, are applied to the wind farm. Further, the lidar-based closed-loop wake redirection concept is used to realize a local feedback on turbine level. The wake center is estimated from lidar measurements \unit[3]{D} downwind of the wind turbines. The dynamical feedback controlle…
This paper presents a closed-loop controller for wind farms to provide active power control services using a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics based wind plant simulator. The proposed design enhances power tracking stability and allows for simple understanding, where each turbine is considered as a pure time-delay system. The paper investigates the control performance with different nominal power distributions in a fully waked condition and limited power availability. Results demonstrate the improvement in power production obtained by closing the control loop, compared to greedy opera…
Wind farms can increase annual energy production (AEP) with advanced control algorithms by coordinating the set points of individual turbine controllers across the farm. However, it remains a significant challenge to achieve performance improvements in practice because of the difficulty of utilizing models that capture pertinent complex aerodynamic phenomena while remaining amenable to control design. We formulate a multi-stage stochastic optimal control problem for wind farm power maximization and show that it can be solved analytically via dynamic programming. In particular, our model incorp…
In this paper, we propose a planning method for large-scale offshore wind farm (OWF) electrical collector system (ECS) based on mixed integer linear programming, in which the sizing and siting of offshore substations and the lines between wind turbines (WTs) are optimized. We found out that the problem is similar to power distribution system planning, where the topological constraints for distribution network expansion planning (DNEP) are applied to guarantee the radiality of ECS topology and accelerate the solving process. Case studies based on an OWF with 63 fixed-locations WTs demonstrate t…
With the exploitation of wind power, more turbines will be deployed at remote areas possibly with harsh working conditions (e.g., offshore wind farm). The adverse working environment may lead to massive operating and maintenance costs of turbines. Deploying unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for turbine inspection is considered as a viable alternative to manual inspections. An important objective of automated UAV inspection is to minimize the flight time of the UAVs to inspect all the turbines. A first contribution of this paper is thus formulating an optimization problem to compute the optimal r…
The MMC-HVDC connected offshore wind farms (OWFs) could suffer short circuit fault (SCF), whereas their transient stability is not well analysed. In this paper, the mechanism of the loss of synchronization (LOS) of this system is analysed considering the whole system state from the fault-on to the post-fault, and the discussion on fault type and fault clearance is addressed as well. A stability index is proposed to quantify the transient synchronization stability (TSS) of the system, which is capable to not only estimate whether the wind turbine generators (WTGs) be able to get resynchronized …
Vrije Universiteit Brussel（布鲁塞尔自由大学）；HU University of Applied Sciences（HU应用科学大学）；Hasselt University（哈塞尔特大学）；Data Science Institute（数据科学研究院）
Wind farms are a crucial driver toward the generation of ecological and renewable energy. Due to their rapid increase in capacity, contemporary wind farms need to adhere to strict constraints on power output to ensure stability of the electricity grid. Specifically, a wind farm controller is required to match the farm's power production with a power demand imposed by the grid operator. This is a non-trivial optimization problem, as complex dependencies exist between the wind turbines. State-of-the-art wind farm control typically relies on physics-based heuristics that fail to capture the full …
WAKE-NET: A 3D-Wake-Aware Economic Turbine Layout and Cabling Optimization Framework for Multi-Capacity Multi-Hub-Height Wind Farms Serving Grid-Scale and Industrial Power Systems
In recent years, the sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) accidents caused by wind power have received extensive attention. A method is needed to distinguish if nonlinear behavior exists in the recorded equal-amplitude accident waveforms, so that different methods can be adopted to analyze the mechanism of the oscillation. The theory of higher-order statistics (HOS) has become a powerful tool for detection of nonlinear behavior (DNB) in production quality control since 1960s. However, HOS analysis has been applied in mechanical condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, even after being introduced…
Wind turbine condition monitoring based on intra- and inter-farm federated learning
Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Engineering（伯恩应用科学大学工程学院）；Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Informatics（瑞士联合大学信息学院）；Delft University of Technology, Department of Geoscience（代尔夫特理工大学地质学院）；Remote Sensing, Stevinweg 1, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands（遥感学院，Stevinweg 1，2628 Delft，荷兰）
Despite the promising outlook, the numerous economic and environmental benefits of offshore wind energy are still compromised by its high operations and maintenance (O&M) expenditures. On one hand, offshore-specific challenges such as site remoteness, harsh weather, transportation requirements, and production losses, significantly inflate the O&M costs relative to land-based wind farms. On the other hand, the uncertainties in weather conditions, asset degradation, and electricity prices largely constrain the farm operator's ability to identify the time windows at which maintenance is possible,…
Wind farm flow control aims to improve wind turbine performance by reducing aerodynamic wake interaction between turbines. Dynamic, physics-based models of wind farm flows have been essential for exploring control strategies such as wake redirection and dynamic induction control. Free vortex methods can provide a computationally efficient way to model wind turbine wake dynamics for control optimisation. We present a control-oriented free-vortex wake model of a 2D and 3D actuator disc to represent wind turbine wakes. The novel derivation of the discrete adjoint equations allows efficient gradie…
A two-stage stochastic optimization model for the design of the closed-loop cable layout of an Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) is presented. The model consists on a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) with scenario numeration incorporation to account for both wind power and cable failure stochasticity. The objective function supports simultaneous optimization of: (i) Initial investment (network topology and cable sizing), (ii) Total electrical power losses costs, and (iii) Reliability costs due to energy curtailment from cables failures. The mathematical optimization program is embedded in an iterati…
