物理学在现实世界中的因果封闭性
The Causal Closure of Physics in Real World Contexts
摘要：
物理学的因果封闭性通常是在与上下文无关的情况下讨论的。在这里，我在工程系统和生物学的背景下讨论它，由于向上涌现和向下因果关系的结合，强烈涌现发生[Ellis 2020]。首先，我表明，因果封闭是严格限制在空间相互作用，因为这些情况下，是必要的强烈与环境相互作用。有效的空间封闭持有ceteris parabus，并且可以被黑天鹅事件所破坏。其次，我表明，因果闭合的出现层次是一个严格的层间事务，并在工程和生物学的情况下，包括从社会层面的粒子物理水平的所有层面。然而，有效的因果闭合可以有效地定义为一组有限的水平，人们可以通过实验确定在每个水平上成立的有效理论。然而，这并不意味着那些有效的理论本身就是因果完备的。特别是，在固态物理学（由于层间波粒二象性）、数字计算机（算法决定结果）或生物学（由于时间依赖性约束）的背景下，粒子物理学水平本身并不是因果完整的。此外，在所有这些背景下都出现了不可分割的相互干扰的水平。
英文摘要：
The causal closure of physics is usually discussed in a context free way. Here I discuss it in the context of engineering systems and biology, where strong emergence takes place due to a combination of upwards emergence and downwards causation [Ellis 2020]. Firstly, I show that causal closure is strictly limited in terms of spatial interactions because these are cases that are of necessity strongly interacting with the environment. Effective Spatial Closure holds ceteris parabus, and can be violated by Black Swan Events. Secondly, I show that causal closure in the hierarchy of emergence is a strictly interlevel affair, and in the cases of engineering and biology encompasses all levels from the social level to the particle physics level. However Effective Causal Closure can usefully be defined for a restricted set of levels, and one can experimentally determine Effective Theories that hold at each level. This does not however imply those effective theories are causally complete by themselves. In particular, the particle physics level is not causally complete by itself in the contexts of solid state physics (because of interlevel wave-particle duality), digital computers (where algorithms determine outcomes), or biology (because of time dependent constraints). Furthermore Inextricably Intertwined Levels occur in all these contexts.
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