用于COVID-19的低成本、基于头盔的无创呼吸机
A low-cost, helmet-based, non-invasive ventilator for COVID-19
摘要：
2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）对呼吸辅助设备产生了前所未有的需求。由于对商业化的、全功能的呼吸机的需求远远高于供应能力，许多快速响应呼吸机正在被开发用于患者的有创机械通气。大多数这些紧急呼吸器利用袋阀面罩或Ambu-bag的机械挤压。这些“袋挤压器”设计是庞大和沉重的，依赖于许多移动部件，并且难以组装和使用。此外，有创通气需要重症监护室的支持，这对绝大多数患者来说可能是不可用的，特别是在发展中国家。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种低成本（$<$ \$200），便携式（适合在一个8“x8“x4”的盒子），非侵入性呼吸机（NIV），旨在为低资源环境中的早期COVID-19患者提供缓解。我们使用高压风机提供无创正压通气。我们的设计支持持续气道正压通气（CPAP）和双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）模式。使用CPAP或BiPAP治疗COVID-19患者的一个常见问题是严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的雾化。我们使用了一种基于头盔的解决方案，可以遏制病毒的传播。我们的端到端解决方案结构紧凑、成本低（$<$ \$400，包括头盔、病毒过滤器和阀门）且易于使用。我们的NIV提供0-20 cmH $_{2}$ O压力，流速为60-180 Lmin $^{-1}$。我们希望我们的报告将鼓励实施和进一步研究基于头盔的NIV，用于在资源匮乏的环境中治疗COVID-19患者。
英文摘要：
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created an unprecedented need for breathing assistance devices. Since the demand for commercial, full-featured ventilators is far higher than the supply capacity, many rapid-response ventilators are being developed for invasive mechanical ventilation of patients. Most of these emergency ventilators utilize mechanical squeezing of bag-valve-masks or Ambu-bags. These "bag squeezer" designs are bulky and heavy, depends on many moving parts, and difficulty to assemble and use. Also, invasive ventilation requires intensive care unit support, which may be unavailable to a vast majority of patients, especially in developing countries. In this work, we present a low-cost ($<$\$200), portable (fits in an 8"x8"x4" box), non-invasive ventilator (NIV), designed to provide relief to early-stage COVID-19 patients in low-resource settings. We used a high-pressure blower fan for providing noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. Our design supports continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) modes. A common concern of using CPAP or BiPAP for treating COVID-19 patients is the aerosolization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We used a helmet-based solution that contains the spread of the virus. Our end-to-end solution is compact, low-cost ($<$\$400 including the helmet, viral filters, and a valve), and easy-to-use. Our NIV provides 0-20 cmH$_{2}$O pressure with flow rates of 60-180 Lmin$^{-1}$. We hope that our report will encourage implementations and further studies on helmet-based NIV for treating COVID-19 patients in low-resource settings.
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