延迟时间与钟的非绝热校准。强场相互作用中的多光子过程与隧穿
Delay time and Non-Adiabatic Calibration of the Attoclock. Multiphoton process versus tunneling in strong field interaction
摘要：
在阿秒实验中对隧穿时间的测量，被称为阿钟，引发了关于隧穿时间的激烈争论，时间在量子力学中的作用，其中与激光脉冲的相互作用涉及两种不同性质的机制，多光子和隧穿（场）电离。在绝热场定标中，我们中的一个（O。K.）在早期的工作中开发了一个真实的隧穿时间模型，并表明该模型很好地拟合Landsmann等人的实验数据（Optica { \bf 1}，343 2014）。在目前的工作中，它表明，该模型解释了非绝热场校准的实验结果，其中一个达到了良好的协议与Hofmann等人的实验数据。（J.的Mod. Opt. { \bf 66}，1052，2019）。此外，我们用含时薛定谔方程的数值积分证实了这一结果。该模型是有吸引力的，因为它提供了一个清晰的多光子和隧道场电离制度的图片。在非绝热情况下（非绝热场校准），电离主要由多光子吸收驱动。令人惊讶的是，在场强$F \le F_a$（$F_a$是原子场强）下，模型总是预测相对于$F=F_a$处的量子极限$τ_a$的时间延迟。对于绝热隧穿，极限饱和（$F=F_a$）解释了著名的哈特曼效应或哈特曼悖论。
英文摘要：
The measurement of the tunneling time in attosecond experiments, termed attoclock, triggered a hot debate about the tunneling time, the role of time in quantum mechanics, where the interaction with the laser pulse involves two regimes of a different character, the multiphoton and the tunneling (field-) ionization. In the adiabatic field calibration, one of us (O. K.) developed in earlier works a real tunneling time model and showed that the model fits well to the experimental data of Landsmann et al. (Optica {\bf 1}, 343 2014). In the present work, it is shown that the model explains the experimental result in the nonadiabatic field calibration, where one reaches a good agreement with the experimental data of Hofmann et al. (J. of Mod. Opt. {\bf 66}, 1052, 2019). Furthermore, we confirm the result with the numerical integration of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The model is appealing because it offers a clear picture of the multiphoton and tunneling field-ionization regimes. In the nonadiabatic case (the nonadiabatic field calibration), the ionization is mainly driven by multiphoton absorption. Surprisingly, at a field strength $F \le F_a$ ($F_a$ is the atomic field strength) the model always predicts a time delay with respect to the quantum limit $τ_a$ at $F=F_a$. For an adiabatic tunneling the saturation at the limit ($F=F_a$) explains the well-known Hartman effect or Hartman paradox.
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