We characterize exactly the lengths of binary circular words containing no squares other than 00, 11, and 0101. Key words: combinatorics on words, circular words, necklaces, square-free words, non-repetitive sequences
The word inference problem is to determine languages such that the information on the number of occurrences of those subwords in the language can uniquely identify a word. A considerable amount of work has been done on this problem, but the same cannot be said for circular words despite growing interests on the latter due to their applications -- for example, in splicing systems. Meanwhile, Parikh matrices are useful tools and well established in the study of subword occurrences. In this work, we propose two ways of counting subword occurrences in circular words. We then extend the idea of Par…
We revisit the question of classification of balanced circular words and focus on the case of a ternary alphabet. We propose a $3$-dimensional generalisation of the discrete approximation representation of Christoffel words. By considering the minimal bound $3$ for abelian complexity of balanced circular words over a ternary alphabet, we provide a classification of all circular words over a ternary alphabet with abelian complexity subject to this bound. This result also allows us to construct an uncountable set of bi-infinite aperiodic words with abelian complexity equal to $3$.
A Tighter Upper Bound for the Number of Distinct Squares in Circular Words
Hangzhou International Innovation Institute of Beihang University(北京航空航天大学杭州国际创新学院);LMIB-School of Mathematical Sciences, Beihang University(北京航空航天大学数学科学学院)
We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos th…
In the paper, by virtue of expansions of two finite products of finitely many square sums, with the aid of series expansions of composite functions of (hyperbolic) sine and cosine functions with inverse sine and cosine functions, and in the light of properties of partial Bell polynomials, the author establishes Taylor's series expansions of real powers of two functions containing squares of inverse (hyperbolic) cosine functions in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first kind, presents an explicit formula of specific partial Bell polynomials at a sequence of derivatives of a function contain…
In this paper, we find an explicit formula for the generating function that counts the circular permutations of length n avoiding the pattern 23 4 1 whose enumeration was raised as an open problem by Rupert Li. This then completes in all cases the enumeration of circular permutations that avoid a single vincular pattern of length four containing one vinculum. To establish our results, we introduce three auxiliary arrays which when taken together refine the cardinality of the class of permutations in question. Rewriting the recurrences of these arrays in terms of generating functions leads to f…
Scattered factor (circular) universality was firstly introduced by Barker et al. in 2020. A word $w$ is called $k$-universal for some natural number $k$, if every word of length $k$ of $w$'s alphabet occurs as a scattered factor in $w$; it is called circular $k$-universal if a conjugate of $w$ is $k$-universal. Here, a word $u=u_1\cdots u_n$ is called a scattered factor of $w$ if $u$ is obtained from $w$ by deleting parts of $w$, i.e. there exists (possibly empty) words $v_1,\dots,v_{n+1}$ with $w=v_1u_1v_2\cdots v_nu_nv_{n+1}$. In this work, we prove two problems, left open in the aforementio…
It is known that binary words containing no $k$ consecutive 1s are enumerated by $k$-step Fibonacci numbers. In this note we discuss the expected value of a random bit in a random word of length $n$ having this property.
We re-examine previous constructions of infinite binary words containing few distinct squares with the goal of finding the "simplest", in a certain sense. We exhibit several new constructions. Rather than using tedious case-based arguments to prove that the constructions have the desired property, we rely instead on theorem-proving software for their correctness.
The prefix palindromic length $\mathrm{PPL}_{\mathbf{u}}(n)$ of an infinite word $\mathbf{u}$ is the minimal number of concatenated palindromes needed to express the prefix of length $n$ of $\mathbf{u}$. Since 2013, it is still unknown if $\mathrm{PPL}_{\mathbf{u}}(n)$ is unbounded for every aperiodic infinite word $\mathbf{u}$, even though this has been proven for almost all aperiodic words. At the same time, the only well-known nontrivial infinite word for which the function $\mathrm{PPL}_{\mathbf{u}}(n)$ has been precisely computed is the Thue-Morse word $\mathbf{t}$. This word is $2$-autom…