COVID-19基于智能手机的电子联系人追踪的可靠性如何？
How Reliable is Smartphone-based Electronic Contact Tracing for COVID-19?
摘要：
基于智能手机的电子接触追踪目前被认为是缓解全球大多数政府为应对2020年新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）危机而发布的封锁、宵禁和就地避难命令的重要工具。虽然开发基于智能手机的联系人追踪应用程序或应用程序的重点一直是对使用此类应用程序所产生的隐私问题的关注，但尚未得到足够关注的一个重要问题是：这种基于智能手机的电子联系人追踪的可靠性如何？这是一个技术问题，涉及两个智能手机如何可靠地记录它们的相互接近。在这里，我们详细研究了有效的基于智能手机的联系人跟踪所需的技术先决条件。任何联系人追踪应用程序所依赖的底层机制称为邻居发现（ND），它涉及智能手机传输和扫描蓝牙信号，以记录它们在靠近时的相互存在。然而，智能手机中用于ND的硬件支持和软件协议并非为可靠的接触者追踪而设计。在本文中，我们定量评估智能手机进行接触追踪的可靠性。我们的研究结果指向接触追踪的可穿戴解决方案的设计，可以克服基于智能手机的解决方案的缺点，以提供更可靠和准确的接触追踪。据我们所知，这是第一项量化基于智能手机的接触追踪的适用性和缺点的研究。此外，我们的结果可以用于参数化ND协议，以最大限度地提高使用它的任何接触追踪应用程序的可靠性。
英文摘要：
Smartphone-based electronic contact tracing is currently considered an essential tool towards easing lockdowns, curfews, and shelter-in-place orders issued by most governments around the world in response to the 2020 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) crisis. While the focus on developing smartphone-based contact tracing applications or apps has been on privacy concerns stemming from the use of such apps, an important question that has not received sufficient attention is: How reliable will such smartphone-based electronic contact tracing be? This is a technical question related to how two smartphones reliably register their mutual proximity. Here, we examine in detail the technical prerequisites required for effective smartphone-based contact tracing. The underlying mechanism that any contact tracing app relies on is called Neighbor Discovery (ND), which involves smartphones transmitting and scanning for Bluetooth signals to record their mutual presence whenever they are in close proximity. The hardware support and the software protocols used for ND in smartphones, however, were not designed for reliable contact tracing. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate how reliably can smartphones do contact tracing. Our results point towards the design of a wearable solution for contact tracing that can overcome the shortcomings of a smartphone-based solution to provide more reliable and accurate contact tracing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that quantifies, both, the suitability and also the drawbacks of smartphone-based contact tracing. Further, our results can be used to parameterize a ND protocol to maximize the reliability of any contact tracing app that uses it.
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