A study is presented of superintegrable quantum systems in two-dimensional Euclidean space $E_2$ allowing the separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates. In addition to the Hamiltonian $H$ and the second order integral of motion $X$, responsible for the separation of variables, they allow a third integral that is a polynomial of order $N\, (N\geq3)$ in the components $p_1, p_2$ of the linear momentum. We focus on doubly exotic potentials, i.e. potentials $V(x, y) = V_1(x) + V_2(y)$ where neither $V_1(x)$ nor $V_2(y)$ satisfy any linear ordinary differential equation. We present two new infinite families of superintegrable systems in $E_2$ with integrals of order $N$ for which $V_1(x)$ and $V_2(y)$ are given by the solution of a nonlinear ODE that passes the Painlevé test. This was verified for $3\leq N \leq 10$. We conjecture that this will hold for any doubly exotic potential and for all $N$, and that moreover the potentials will always actually have the Painlevé property.
Heisenberg-type higher order symmetries are studied for both classical and quantum mechanical systems separable in cartesian coordinates. A few particular cases of this type of superintegrable systems were already considered in the literature, but here they are characterized in full generality together with their integrability properties. Some of these systems are defined only in a region of $\mathbb R^n$, and in general they do not include bounded solutions. The quantum symmetries and potentials are shown to reduce to their superintegrable classical analogs in the $\hbar \to0$ limit.
We continue the study of superintegrable systems of Thompson's type separable in Cartesian coordinates. An additional integral of motion for these systems is the polynomial in momenta of N-th order which is a linear function of angle variables and the polynomial in action variables. Existence of such superintegrable systems is naturally related to the famous Chebyshev theorem on binomial differentials.
We consider superintegrability in classical mechanics in the presence of magnetic fields. We focus on three-dimensional systems which are separable in Cartesian coordinates. We construct all possible minimally and maximally superintegrable systems in this class with additional integrals quadratic in the momenta. Together with the results of our previous paper [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017), 245202, 24 pages], where one of the additional integrals was by assumption linear, we conclude the classification of three-dimensional quadratically minimally and maximally superintegrable systems sepa…
Superintegrable classical Hamiltonian systems in two-dimensional Euclidean space $E_2$ are explored. The study is restricted to Hamiltonians allowing separation of variables $V(x,y)=V_1(x)+V_2(y)$ in Cartesian coordinates. In particular, the Hamiltonian $\mathcal H$ admits a polynomial integral of order $N>2$. Only doubly exotic potentials are considered. These are potentials where none of their separated parts obey any linear ordinary differential equation. An improved procedure to calculate these higher-order superintegrable systems is described in detail. The two basic building blocks of th…
A study is presented of two-dimensional superintegrable systems separating in Cartesian coordinates and allowing an integral of motion that is a fourth order polynomial in the momenta. All quantum mechanical potentials that do not satisfy any linear differential equation are found. They do however satisfy nonlinear ODEs. We show that these equations always have the Painlevé property and integrate them in terms of known Painlevé transcendents or elliptic functions.
A complete classification is presented of quantum and classical superintegrable systems in $E_2$ that allow the separation of variables in polar coordinates and admit an additional integral of motion of order three in the momentum. New quantum superintegrable systems are discovered for which the potential is expressed in terms of the sixth Painlevé transcendent or in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function.
The general description of superintegrable systems with one polynomial integral of order $N$ in the momenta is presented for a Hamiltonian system in two-dimensional Euclidean plane. We consider classical and quantum Hamiltonian systems allowing separation of variables in polar coordinates. The potentials can be classified into two major classes and their main properties are described. We conjecture that a new infinite family of superintegrable potentials in terms of the sixth Painlevé transcendent $P_6$ exists and demonstrate this for the first few cases.
Superintegrable Hamiltonian systems in a two-dimensional Euclidean space are considered. We present all real standard potentials that allow separation of variables in polar coordinates and admit an independent fourth-order integral of motion. The general form of the potentials satisfies a linear ODE. In the classical case, the standard potentials coincide with the Tremblay-Turbiner-Winternitz (TTW) or Post-Winternitz (PW) models. In the quantum case new superintegrable systems are obtained, in addition to the TTW and PW ones. Their classical limit is free motion.
We consider a superintegrable Hamiltonian system in a two-dimensional space with a scalar potential that allows one quadratic and one cubic integral of motion. We construct the most general associative cubic algebra and we present specific realizations. We use them to calculate the energy spectrum. All classical and quantum superintegrable potentials separable in cartesian coordinates with a third order integral are known. The general formalism is applied to one of the quantum potentials.
We present polynomial Poisson algebras for the 8 classical potentials in two-dimensional Euclidian space that separate in cartesian coordinates and allow a third order integral of motion. Some of the classical superintegrale potentials do not coincide with quantum ones, but are their singular limits. We show that all bounded trajectories in these potentials are periodic.
In this paper, we investigate superintegrable systems which separate in parabolic coordinates and admit a third-order integral of motion. We give the corresponding determining equations and show that all such systems are multi-separable and so admit two second-order integrals. The third-order integral is their Lie or Poisson commutator. We discuss how this situation is different from the Cartesian and polar cases where new potentials were discovered which are not multi-separable and which are expressed in terms of Painlevé transcendents or elliptic functions.
We develop new constructions of 2D classical and quantum superintegrable Hamiltonians allowing separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates. In classical mechanics we start from two functions on a one-dimensional phase space, a natural Hamiltonian $H$ and a polynomial of order $N$ in the momentum $p.$ We assume that their Poisson commutator $\{H,K\}$ vanishes, is a constant, a constant times $H$, or a constant times $K$. In the quantum case $H$ and $K$ are operators and their Lie commutator has one of the above properties. We use two copies of such $(H,K)$ pairs to generate two-dimensional…
We present all real quantum mechanical potentials in a two-dimensional Euclidean space that have the following properties: 1. They allow separation of variables of the Schrödinger equation in polar coordinates, 2. They allow an independent fourth order integral of motion, 3. It turns out that their angular dependent part $S(θ)$ does not satisfy any linear differential equation. In this case it satisfies a nonlinear ODE that has the Painlevé property and its solutions can be expressed in terms of the Painlevé transcendent $P_6$. We also study the corresponding classical analogs of these potenti…
We present in this article all Hamiltonian systems in E(2) that are separable in cartesian coordinates and that admit a third-order integral, both in quantum and in classical mechanics. Many of these superintegrable systems are new, and it is seen that there exists a relation between quantum superintegrable potentials, invariant solutions of the Korteweg-De Vries equation and the Painlevé transcendents.
The conditions for superintegrable systems in two-dimensional Euclidean space admitting separation of variables in an orthogonal coordinate system and a functionally independent third-order integral are studied. It is shown that only systems that separate in subgroup type coordinates, Cartesian or polar, admit potentials that can be described in terms of nonlinear special functions. Systems separating in parabolic or elliptic coordinated are shown to have potentials with only non-movable singularities.
We will discuss how we can obtain new quantum superintegrable Hamiltonians allowing the separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates with higher order integrals of motion from ladder operators. We will discuss also how higher order supersymmetric quantum mechanics can be used to obtain systems with higher order ladder operators and their polynomial Heisenberg algebra. We will present a new family of superintegrable systems involving the fifth Painleve transcendent which possess fourth order ladder operators constructed from second order supersymmetric quantum mechanics. We present the poly…
A known general class of superintegrable systems on 2D spaces of constant curvature can be defined by potentials separating in (geodesic) polar coordinates. The radial parts of these potentials correspond either to an isotropic harmonic oscillator or a generalised Kepler potential. The angular components, on the contrary, are given implicitly by a transcendental, in general, equation. In the present note, devoted to the previously less studied models with the radial potential of the generalised Kepler type, a new two-parameter family of relevant angular potentials is constructed in terms of el…
The main result of this article is that we show that from supersymmetry we can generate new superintegrable Hamiltonians. We consider a particular case with a third order integral and apply the Mielnik's construction in supersymmetric quantum mechanics. We obtain a new superintegrable potential separable in Cartesian coordinates with a quadratic and quintic integrals and also one with a quadratic integral and an integral of order seven. We also construct a superintegrable system written in terms of the fourth Painleve transcendent with a quadratic integral and an integral of order seven.
We consider a two dimensional quantum Hamiltonian separable in Cartesian coordinates and allowing a fifth-order integral of motion. We impose the superintegrablity condition and find all doubly exotic superintegrable potentials (i.e potentials V (x, y) = V_1(x)+V_2(y) where neither V_1(x) nor V_2(y) satisfy a linear ODE) allowing the existence of such an integral. All of these potentials are found to have the Painlevé property. Most of them are expressed in terms of known Painlevé transcendents or elliptic functions but some may represent new higher order Painlevé transcendents.
It is known that the fairly (most?) general class of 2D superintegrable systems defined on 2D spaces of constant curvature and separating in (geodesic) polar coordinates is specified by two types of radial potentials (oscillator or (generalized) Kepler ones) and by corresponding families of angular potentials. Unlike the radial potentials the angular ones are given implicitly (up to a function) by, in general, transcendental equation. In the present paper new two-parameter families of angular potentials are constructed in terms of elementary functions. It is shown that for an appropriate choic…
The goal of this thesis is the search for integrable and superintegrable systems with magnetic field. We formulate the quantum mechanical determining equations for second order integrals of motion in the cylindrical coordinates and we find all quadratically integrable systems of the cylindrical type. Among them we search for systems admitting additional integrals of motion. We find all systems with an additional first order integral both in classical and quantum mechanics. It turns out that all these systems have already been known and no other exist. We also find all systems with an additiona…
We consider a class of Hamiltonian systems in 3 degrees of freedom, with a particular type of quadratic integral and which includes the rational Calogero-Moser system as a particular case. For the general class, we introduce separation coordinates to find the general separable (and therefore Liouville integrable) system, with two quadratic integrals. This gives a coupling of the Calogero-Moser system with a large class of potentials, generalising the series of potentials which are separable in parabolic coordinates. Particular cases are {\em superintegrable}, including Kepler and a resonant os…
We extend the construction of 2D superintegrable Hamiltonians with separation of variables in spherical coordinates using combinations of shift, ladder, and supercharge operators to models involving rational extensions of the two-parameter Lissajous systems on the sphere. These new families of superintegrable systems with integrals of arbitrary order are connected with Jacobi exceptional orthogonal polynomials (EOP) of type I (or II) and supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM). Moreover, we present an algebraic derivation of the degenerate energy spectrum for the one- and two-parameter Lissa…
We consider a superintegrable Hamiltonian system in a two-dimensional space with a scalar potential that allows one quadratic and one cubic integral of motion. We construct the most general cubic algebra and we present specific realizations. We use them to calculate the energy spectrum. All classical and quantum superintegrable potentials separable in Cartesian coordinates with a third order integral are known. The general formalism is applied to quantum reducible and irreducible rational potentials separable in Cartesian coordinates in E2. We also discuss these potentials from the point of vi…
We revise a method by Kalnins, Kress and Miller (2010) for constructing a canonical form for symmetry operators of arbitrary order for the Schrödinger eigenvalue equation $HΨ\equiv (Δ_2 +V)Ψ=EΨ$ on any 2D Riemannian manifold, real or complex, that admits a separation of variables in some orthogonal coordinate system. We apply the method, as an example, to revisit the Tremblay and Winternitz (2010) derivation of the Painlevé VI potential for a 3rd order superintegrable flat space system that separates in polar coordinates and, as new results, we give a listing of the possible potentials on the …
Superintegrable systems are classical and quantum Hamiltonian systems which enjoy much symmetry and structure that permit their solubility via analytic and even, algebraic means. They include such well-known and important models as the Kepler potential, Calogero-Moser model, and harmonic oscillator, as well as its integrable perturbations, for example, the Smorodinsky-Winternitz (SW) potential. Normally, the problem of classification of superintegrable systems is approached by considering associated algebraic, or geometric structures. To this end we invoke the invariant theory of Killing tenso…
The aim of the present article is to construct quadratically integrable three dimensional systems in non-vanishing magnetic fields which possess so-called non-subgroup type integrals. The presence of such integrals means that the system possesses a pair of integrals of motion in involution which are (at most) quadratic in momenta and whose leading order terms, that are necessarily elements of the enveloping algebra of the Euclidean algebra, are not quadratic Casimir operators of a chain of its subalgebras. By imposing in addition that one of the integrals has the leading order term $L_z^2$ we …
Two Dunkl oscillator models are considered: one singular and the other with a 2:1 frequency ratio. These models are defined by Hamiltonians which include the reflection operators in the two variables x and y. The singular or caged Dunkl oscillator is second-order superintegrable and admits separation of variables in both Cartesian and polar coordinates. The spectrum of the Hamiltonian is obtained algebraically and the separated wavefunctions are given in the terms of Jacobi, Laguerre and generalized Hermite polynomials. The symmetry generators are constructed from the su(1,1) dynamical operato…
We discuss the properties of superintegrable Hamiltonian systems, in particular those that admit separation of variables in cartesian coordinates. We show that the superintegrability of such potentials is equivalent to the isochronicity of the separated potentials. We use this fact to get a new insight into an old question about the relation between quantum and classical harmonic behavior.
In recent years, progress toward the classification of superintegrable systems with higher order integrals of motion has been made. In particular, a complete classification of all exotic potentials with a third or a fourth order integrals, and allowing separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates. All doubly exotic potentials with a fifth order integral have also been completely classified. It has been demonstrated how the Chazy class of third order differential equations plays an important role in solving determining equations. Moreover, taking advantage of various operator algebras defin…
We review recent results on superintegrable quantum systems in a two-dimensional Euclidean space with the following properties. They are integrable because they allow the separation of variables in Cartesian coordinates and hence allow a specific integral of motion that is a second order polynomial in the momenta. Moreover, they are superintegrable because they allow an additional integral of order $N>2$. Two types of such superintegrable potentials exist. The first type consists of "standard potentials" that satisfy linear differential equations. The second type consists of "exotic potentials…
We show that the theory of classical Hamiltonian systems admitting separating variables can be formulated in the context of ($ω, \mathscr{H}$) structures. They are symplectic manifolds endowed with a compatible Haantjes algebra $\mathscr{H}$, namely an algebra of (1,1)-tensor fields with vanishing Haantjes torsion. A special class of coordinates, called Darboux-Haantjes coordinates, will be constructed from the Haantjes algebras associated with a separable system. These coordinates enable the additive separation of variables of the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equation. We shall prove that a …
We present a method to obtain higher order integrals and polynomial algebras for two-dimensional superintegrable systems from creation and annihilation operators. All potentials with a second and a third order integrals of motion separable in Cartesian coordinates were studied. The integrals of motion of two of them do not generate a cubic algebra. We construct for these Hamiltonians a higher order polynomial algebra from the creation and annihilation operators. We obtain quintic and seventh order polynomial algebras. We give also for polynomial algebras of order 7 realizations in terms of def…
We study concircular tensors in spaces of constant curvature and then apply the results obtained to the problem of the orthogonal separation of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation on these spaces. Any coordinates which separate the geodesic Hamilton-Jacobi equation are called separable. Specifically for spaces of constant curvature, we obtain canonical forms of concircular tensors modulo the action of the isometry group, we obtain the separable coordinates induced by irreducible concircular tensors, and we obtain warped products adapted to reducible concircular tensors. Using these results, we show h…
Haantjes algebras, Zernike system and separation of variables
Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas（数学科学研究所）；Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Matematica “Federigo Enriques”（米兰大学费德里戈·恩里克斯数学系）；INFN Sezione di Milano（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰分部）
