D. Milovančev, N. Vokić, F. Laudenbach, C. Pacher, H. Hübel, B. Schrenk
We demonstrate high-rate CV-QKD supporting a secure-key rate of 22Mb/s through spectral tailoring and optimal use of quantum receiver bandwidth. Co-existence with 11 adjacent carrier-grade C-band channels spaced by only 20nm is accomplished at >10Mb/s.
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We demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of continuous variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in dense-wavelength-division multiplexing networks (DWDM), where QKD will typically have to coexist with several co- propagating (forward or backward) C-band classical channels whose launch power is around 0dBm. We have conducted experimental tests of the coexistence of CV-QKD multiplexed with an intense classical channel, for different input powers and different DWDM wavelengths. Over a 25km fiber, a CV-QKD operated over the 1530.12nm channel can tolerate the noise arising from up to 11.5dBm…
Co-propagation of 6 Tb/s (60*100Gb/s) DWDM & QKD channels with ~17 dBm aggregated WDM power over 50 km standard single mode fiber
本文研究了QKD量子信道与高功率DWDM数据信道在50 km标准单模光纤上的共传输，并提出了一种评估共传输效率的新指标。
Theoretical analysis of quantum key distribution systems when integrated with a DWDM optical transport network
本研究通过理论和数值仿真分析了拉曼散射、四波混频和串扰噪声对三种QKD系统性能的影响，计算了不同信道分配方案下的安全密钥生成率，并基于最大可达距离评估了C波段和O波段的系统表现。
Integrating quantum key distribution (QKD) with existing optical networks is highly desired to reduce the deployment costs and achieve efficient resource utilization, and some pointtopoint transmitting experiments have verified its feasibility. Nevertheless, there are still many problems in the realistic scenario where QKD coexists with dynamic data traffics. On the one hand, the conventional static channel allocation schemes cannot guarantee the quality of quantum channels in the presence of the timevarying noises. On the other hand, considering the complex noise generation caused by dynamic …
Co-propagation of QKD & 6 Tb/s (60x100G) DWDM channels with ~17 dBm total WDM power in single and multi-span configurations
该研究通过单跨和多跨实验验证了QKD量子信道与高功率高速DWDM数据信道的共传输能力，提出共传输效率评估指标，并实现加密与共传输的同步验证。
Performance of the subcarrier-wave quantum key distribution in the presence of spontaneous Raman scattering noise generated by classical DWDM channels
本文研究经典DWDM信道产生的自发拉曼散射噪声对副载波量子密钥分发系统的影响，提出评估QBER和安全密钥率的模型，发现脉冲模式在密钥率和传输距离上均优于连续波模式。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two parties to establish a secret key over a potentially hostile channel by exchanging photonic quantum states, relying on the fact that it is impossible for an eavesdropper to tap the quantum channel without disturbing these photons in a way that can be detected [1]. Here we introduce a large-alphabet QKD protocol that makes optimal use of temporal and spectral correlations of entangled photons, reaching the maximum number of inde- pendent basis states (the Schmidt number) and enabling extremely high information content per photon together with an optima…
Optimal wavelength assignment in dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) systems that integrate both quantum and classical channels is studied. In such systems, weak quantum key distribution (QKD) signals travel alongside intense classical signals on the same fiber, where the former can be masked by the background noise induced by the latter. Here, we investigate how optimal wavelength assignment can mitigate this problem. We consider different DWDM structures and various sources of crosstalk and propose several near-optimal wavelength assignment methods that maximize the total secret ke…
Capacity and SKR tradeoff in coexisting classical and CV-QKD metropolitan-reach optical links
研究城域DWDM中量子-经典共存时的功率依赖型保护带优化，通过边缘信道与100-150 GHz保护带在-1.5 dBm/信道下实现108%的密钥率提升，仅牺牲3.4%容量。
A theoretical study of subcarrier-wave quantum key distribution system integration with an optical transport network utilizing dense wavelength division multiplexing
本文理论研究了DWDM光传输网络中SCW QKD的性能，考虑拉曼散射、四波混频等噪声，计算了QBER和安全密钥率，发现1310 nm波长优于C波段。
In this paper, we study the feasibility of conducting quantum key distribution (QKD) together with classical communication through the same optical fiber by employing dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) technology at telecom wavelength. The impact of the classical channels to the quantum channel has been investigated for both QKD based on single photon detection and QKD based on homodyne detection. Our studies show that the latter can tolerate a much higher level of contamination from the classical channels than the former. This is because the local oscillator used in the homodyne de…
We perform quantum key distribution (QKD) in the presence of 4 classical channels in a C-band dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) configuration using a commercial QKD system. The classical channels are used for key distillation and 1 Gbps encrypted communication, rendering the entire system independent from any other communication channel than a single dedicated fibre. We successfully distil secret keys over fibre spans of up to 50 km. The separation between quantum channel and nearest classical channel is only 200 GHz, while the classical channels are all separated by 100 GHz. In ad…
We demonstrate cost-effective QKD integration for GPON and NG-PON2. Operation at 5.1e-7 secure bits/pulse and a QBER of 3.28% is accomplished for a 13.5-km reach, 2:16-split PON, with 0.52% co-existence penalty for 19 classical channels.
A quantum frequency conversion hub interfacing with DWDM networks
本文提出一种通过量子频率转换连接本地量子设备与密集波分复用网络的枢纽，展示了在电信波段实现宽调谐范围和相位匹配的实验结果。
1-Mbps Twin-Field Quantum Key Distribution over 200 km Using Independent Dissipative Kerr Solitons
本文提出利用独立 dissipative Kerr soliton 微梳实现双场量子密钥分发，通过多波长源提高安全密钥率，实现200公里光纤1.57 Mbps的高速率量子密钥分发。
O-band QKD link over a multiple ONT loaded carrier-grade GPON for FTTH applications
本研究在模拟真实运营环境的载波级FTTH光接入网络测试床上，成功集成并验证了O波段商用QKD系统在多ONT负载下的可行性。
Measurement-device-independent continuous variable quantum key distribution protocol operation in optical transport networks
本文数值分析了拉曼散射等噪声对MDI CV-QKD系统的影响，提供了系统与噪声的数学模型，并估算安全密钥生成率以评估其在电信网络DWDM系统中的运行特征。
Multiplexing of Continuous-Variable and Discrete-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Systems over Fibered and Free-Space Channels
该研究首次实验验证了CV-QKD与DV-QKD系统在光纤及620米城市自由空间链路的WDM复用，实现了异构量子通信网络的实用化构建。
Paving the Way towards 800 Gbps Quantum-Secured Optical Channel Deployment in Mission-Critical Environments
本研究首次在100公里距离上实现800 Gbps量子安全光通道，结合QKD技术，并演示区块链金融交易保护，为关键任务城域环境部署铺路。
In this paper we analyze the impact of the spontaneous Raman scattered noise generated from multiple optical classical channels on a single quantum key distribution channel, all within the telecom C-band. We experimentally measure the noise generated from up to 14 continuous lasers with different wavelengths using the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) standard, in both propagation directions in respect to the QKD channel, over different standard SMF-28 fiber lengths. We then simulate the expected secure key generation rate for a decoy-states-based system as a function of distance u…
We investigate the practical network integration of differential phase shift quantum key distribution following a cost-optimized deployment scheme where complexity is off-loaded to a centralized location. User terminal equipment for quantum state preparation at 1 GHz symbol rate is kept technologically lean through use of a directly-modulated laser as optical encoder. Integration in a passive optical network infrastructure is experimentally studied for legacy and modern optical access standards. We analyze the implications that result from Raman scattering arising from different spectral alloc…
A parametric down-conversion (PDC) source can be used as either a triggered single photon source or an entangled photon source in quantum key distribution (QKD). The triggering PDC QKD has already been studied in the literature. On the other hand, a model and a post-processing protocol for the entanglement PDC QKD are still missing. In this paper, we fill in this important gap by proposing such a model and a post-processing protocol for the entanglement PDC QKD. Although the PDC model is proposed to study the entanglement-based QKD, we emphasize that our generic model may also be useful for ot…
Measurement-device-independent (MDI) method is a way to solve all detector side-channel attacks in quantum key distribution (QKD). However, very little work has been done on experimentally feasible qudit-based MDI-QKD scheme although the famous (qudit-based) round-robin differential-phase-shift (RRDPS) scheme is vulnerable to attacks on uncharacterized detectors. Here we report a mother-of-all QKD protocol on which all provably secure qubit-based QKD schemes known to date including the RRDPS and the so-called Chau15 schemes are based. We also report an experimentally feasible MDI system via op…
This chapter describes the application of lasers, specifically diode lasers, in the area of quantum key distribution (QKD). First, we motivate the distribution of cryptographic keys based on quantum physical properties of light, give a brief introduction to QKD assuming the reader has no or very little knowledge about cryptography, and briefly present the state-of-the-art of QKD. In the second half of the chapter we describe, as an example of a real-world QKD system, the system deployed between the University of Calgary and SAIT Polytechnic. We conclude the chapter with a brief discussion of q…
Machine Learning for Specialized QKD Aspects: A Survey of Adaptive Protocols, Free-Space Links, 6G Integration, and Steerability-Aware Security
该综述聚焦自适应、非地面及应用集成QKD系统，梳理了ML、RL及QML在QKD多类特定场景的应用，分析了各主题的问题、方案与增益，并指出了相关开放挑战。
Security Assumptions in Dispersive-Optics QKD
本研究指出色散光学QKD中现有安全性分析高估了安全密钥率，提出一种窃听者更优的替代攻击模型，并证明在某些实验条件下实际安全密钥率为零。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) utilizes the laws of quantum mechanics to achieve information-theoretically secure key generation. This field is now approaching the stage of commercialization, but many practical QKD systems still suffer from security loopholes due to imperfect devices. In fact, practical attacks have successfully been demonstrated. Fortunately, most of them only exploit detection-side loopholes which are now closed by the recent idea of measurement-device-independent QKD. On the other hand, little attention is paid to the source which may still leave QKD systems insecure. In th…
Improved composable key rates for CV-QKD
本文改进了连续变量量子密钥分发的键率理论，通过更严谨的公式证明了更乐观的密钥率。
Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables tap-proof exchange of cryptographic keys guaranteed by the very laws of physics. One of the last remaining roadblocks on the way towards widespread deployment of QKD is the high loss experienced during terrestrial distribution of photons, which limits the distance between the communicating parties. A viable solution to this problem is to avoid the terrestrial distribution of photons via optical fibers altogether and instead transmit them via satellite links, where the loss is dominated by diffraction instead of absorption and scattering. First dedicated s…
We compare the performance of various quantum key distribution (QKD) systems using a novel single-photon detector, which combines frequency up-conversion in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide and a silicon avalanche photodiode (APD). The comparison is based on the secure communication rate as a function of distance for three QKD protocols: the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84), the Bennett, Brassard, and Mermin 1992 (BBM92), and the coherent differential phase shift keying (DPSK). We show that the up-conversion detector allows for higher communication rates and longer communicati…
Quantum key distribution (QKD offers a long-term solution to establish information-theoretically secure keys between two distant users. In practice, with a careful characterization of quantum sources and the decoy-state method, measure-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) provides secure key distribution. While short-distance fibre-based QKD has already been available for real-life implementation, the bottleneck of practical QKD lies on the limited transmission distance. Due to photon losses in transmission, it was believed that the key generation rate is bounded by a linear f…
A rigorous and complete security proof of decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution
本文提出了一种通用框架，用于严格证明decoy-state BB84 QKD协议的安全性，并整合了多种QKD安全分析技术。
Since several papers appeared in 2000, the quantum key distribution (QKD) community has been well aware that photon number splitting (PNS) attack by Eve severely limits the secure key distribution distance in BB84 QKD systems with Poissonian photon sources. In attempts to solve this problem, entanglement-based QKD, single-photon based QKD, and entanglement swapping-based QKD, have been studied in recent years. However, there are many technological difficulties that must be overcome before these schemes can become practical systems. Here we report a very simple QKD system, in which secure keys …
In this article, we discuss the optimality of basis transformations as a security measure for quantum key distribution protocols based on entanglement swapping. To estimate the security, we focus on the information an adversary obtains on the raw key bits from a generic version of a collective attack strategy. In the scenario described in this article, the application of general basis transformations serving as a counter measure by one or both legitimate parties is analyzed. In this context, we show that the angles, which describe these basis transformations can be optimized compared to the ap…
We have developed a hybrid single photon detection scheme for telecom wavelengths based on nonlinear sum-frequency generation and silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The SPAD devices employed have been designed to have very narrow temporal response, i.e. low jitter, which we can exploit for increasing the allowable bit rate for quantum key distribution. The wavelength conversion is obtained using periodically poled Lithium niobate waveguides (W/Gs). The inherently high efficiency of these W/Gs allows us to use a continuous wave laser to seed the nonlinear conversion so as to have a…
Efficient Computation of QKD Key Rates without Semidefinite Programming
本研究提出一种仅需特征值计算的QKD密钥率高效计算方法，将内存需求从d⁴降至d²，在树莓派上实现实时估计，性能远超现有工作站基准，为QKD硬件嵌入安全分析开辟路径。
In this work, we present a reliable, efficient, and tight numerical method for calculating key rates for finite-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. We illustrate our approach by finding higher key rates than those previously reported in the literature for several interesting scenarios (e.g., the Trojan-horse attack and the phase-coherent BB84 protocol). Our method will ultimately improve our ability to automate key rate calculations and, hence, to develop a user-friendly software package that could be used widely by QKD researchers.
We consider the problem of secure identification: user U proves to server S that he knows an agreed (possibly low-entropy) password w, while giving away as little information on w as possible, namely the adversary can exclude at most one possible password for each execution of the scheme. We propose a solution in the bounded-quantum-storage model, where U and S may exchange qubits, and a dishonest party is assumed to have limited quantum memory. No other restriction is posed upon the adversary. An improved version of the proposed identification scheme is also secure against a man-in-the-middle…
System-Design Optimization of a Single-Transmitter, Single-Fiber QKD-based ITS Communication Link
该研究优化了基于QKD的单发射机单光纤ITS通信链路，通过共享硬件节省光学资源，在25km处SCR达12.079Mbps，提升接收机带宽可显著提高速率，为QKD通信规模化部署提供可行路径。
Device-independent quantum key distribution (QKD) can permit the superior security even with unknown devices. In practice, however, the realization of device-independent QKD is technically challenging because of its low noise tolerance. In photonic setup, due to the limited detection efficiency, a large amount of the data generates from no-detection events which contain little correlations but contribute high errors. Here we propose the device-independent QKD protocol with random post selection, where the secret keys are extracted only from the post-selected subset of outcomes. This could not …
A coherent transmission methodology for a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system based on quantum-heterodyne measurement through a coherent intradyne receiver is experimentally demonstrated in the framework of 5G mobile fronthaul links. Continuous optical carrier synchronization is obtained through training information, which is multiplexing to the quantum signal as pilot tone in both, frequency and polarization. Spectral tailoring by means of optical carrier suppression and single-sideband modulation is adopted to simultaneously mitigate crosstalk into the quantum channe…
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows distant parties to exchange cryptographic keys with unconditional security by encoding information on the degrees of freedom of photons. Polarization encoding has been extensively used in QKD implementations along free-space, optical fiber and satellite-based links. However, the polarization encoders used in such implementations are unstable, expensive, complex and can even exhibit side-channels that undermine the security of the implemented protocol. Here we propose a self-compensating polarization encoder based on a Lithium Niobate phase modulator inside…
An Adversarial Quantum Key Distribution Project
本项目通过模拟环境让学生体验对抗性量子密钥分发，理解实际应用中的安全协议与挑战。
Diversity in Coded TE-QKD Channels: Achieving Infinite Diversity out of Finite System Resources
本文研究编码TE-QKD协商的多样性阶，证明在信道和码长有限时，通过特定条件可实现无限多样性，相关短码示例验证了分析结果。
Modeling Entanglement-Based Quantum Key Distribution for the NASA Quantum Communications Analysis Suite
针对NASA量子通信分析套件（NQCAS）缺乏实验数据验证的问题，提出基于蒙特卡洛的纠缠QKD模型，用文献实验数据初步验证了模型有效性，可为相关实验和任务提供支撑。
Quantum Key Distribution: Bridging Theoretical Security Proofs, Practical Attacks, and Error Correction for Quantum-Augmented Networks
本文综述分析了量子密钥分发协议的安全性、攻击类型及纠错技术，强调理论证明与实验验证的结合，为量子增强网络提供安全框架。
In satellite-based free-space continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD), the parameter estimation for the atmospheric channel fluctuations due to the turbulence effects and attenuation is crucial for analyzing and improving the protocol performance. In this paper, compressive sensing (CS) theory is applied to free-space CV-QKD to achieve the channel parameter estimation with low computational complexity and small amount of data. According to CS theory, the possibility of the sparse representation for free-space channel is analyzed and the two types of sparse reconstruction models for the channel parame…
We present methods to strictly calculate the finite-key effects in quantum key distribution (QKD) with error rejection through two-way classical communication (TWCC) for the sending-or-not-sending twin-field protocol. Unlike the normal QKD without TWCC, here the probability of tagging or untagging for each two-bit random group is not independent. We rigorously solve this problem by imagining a virtual set of bits where every bit is independent and identical. We show the relationship between the outcome starting from this imagined set containing independent and identical bits and the outcome st…
Quantum key distribution using weak coherent states and homodyne detection is a promising candidate for practical quantum-cryptographic implementations due to its compatibility with existing telecom equipment and high detection efficiencies. However, despite the actual simplicity of the protocol, the security analysis of this method is rather involved compared to discrete-variable QKD. In this article we review the theoretical foundations of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) with Gaussian modulation and rederive the essential relations from scratch in a pedagogical way. The…
Deep-learning-based continuous attacks on quantum key distribution protocols
提出融合弱连续测量与深度循环神经网络的 DLCA 个体攻击，在含噪 BB84 上验证其性能介于截获-重发与相位协变量子克隆攻击之间。
A central assumption in quantum key distribution (QKD) is that Eve has no knowledge about which rounds will be used for parameter estimation or key distillation. Here we show that this assumption is violated for iterative sifting, a sifting procedure that has been employed in some (but not all) of the recently suggested QKD protocols in order to increase their efficiency. We show that iterative sifting leads to two security issues: (1) some rounds are more likely to be key rounds than others, (2) the public communication of past measurement choices changes this bias round by round. We analyze …
In this paper we explore how recent technologies can improve the security of optical networks. In particular, we study how to use quantum key distribution (QKD) in common optical network infrastructures and propose a method to overcome its distance limitations. QKD is the first technology offering information theoretic secret-key distribution that relies only on the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Point-to-point QKD devices have reached a mature industrial state; however, these devices are severely limited in distance, since signals at the quantum level (e.g. single photons) are hig…
Sequential vs. Synchronized Entanglement Swapping: QKD Secret-Key Rate under Optimized Link-Layer Control
该研究对比顺序与同步纠缠交换机制对QKD密钥率的影响，发现顺序机制在同构链中性能最高领先同步机制19.1%，同步机制在慢链路场景长存储器寿命时略优，选择需结合存储器寿命与链路配置。
We have theoretically and experimentally address the possible tandem electro-optical modulator configurations that can be employed to implement Frequency Coded Quantum Key Distribution systems (FC-QKD). A closed and general formulation of the end to end field propagation in a dispersion compensated FC-QKD optical fiber system under the low modulation index regime is presented which accounts for all the possible tandem combinations. The properties and the parameter selection of the modulators to achieve each one are summarized. We also address which protocol (B92, BB84 or either) is feasible to…
The current literature on quantum key distribution (QKD) is mainly limited to the transmissions over fiber optic, atmospheric or satellite links and are not directly applicable to underwater environments with different channel characteristics. Absorption, scattering, and turbulence experienced in underwater channels severely limit the range of quantum communication links. In the first part of this thesis, we analyze the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and secret key rate (SKR) performance of the well-known BB84 protocol in underwater channels. As path loss model, we consider a modified version o…
The round-robin differential phase shift (RRDPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is a unique quantum key distribution protocol whose security has not been understood through an information-disturbance trade-off relation, and a sufficient amount of privacy amplification was given independently of signal disturbance. Here, we discuss the security of the RRDPS protocol in the asymptotic regime when a good estimate of the bit error rate is available as a measure of signal disturbance. The uniqueness of the RRDPS protocol shows up as a peculiar form of information-disturbance trade-off curv…
Induced-photorefractive attack against Quantum Key Distribution
首次揭示铌酸锂器件的光折变效应可被用于量子密钥分发的窃听漏洞，提出诱导光折变攻击（IPA）及两种可控技术，证明仅需几纳瓦辐照即可实现源端攻击，为QKD安全设计提供新方向。
Gigahertz-rate thin-film lithium niobate receiver for time-bin quantum communication
本文开发了一种基于薄膜铌酸锂平台的全集成高速量子接收器，通过电光带宽超过30 GHz的主动切换架构，实现了时间箱量子态的高速操控，并在基于纠缠的量子密钥分发实验中，以超过25 kbit/s的稳定密钥速率连续运行12小时，同时消除了时间后选择漏洞。
Security proof methods for quantum key distribution, QKD, that are based on the numerical key rate calculation problem, are powerful in principle. However, the practicality of the methods are limited by computational resources and the efficiency and accuracy of the underlying algorithms for convex optimization. We derive a stable reformulation of the convex nonlinear semidefinite programming, SDP, model for the key rate calculation problems. We use this to develop an efficient, accurate algorithm. The stable reformulation is based on novel forms of facial reduction, FR, for both the linear con…
Photorefractive-based on-chip optical power limiter against light-injection attacks in quantum key distribution
研究针对光注入攻击对量子密钥分发系统的威胁，提出利用薄膜铌酸锂微环谐振器光折变效应的集成单元，可抵御非共振注入光，在共振攻击下自主衰减信号，增强了QKD系统物理层安全性。
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