Siting and Sizing of Energy Storage Systems: Towards a Unified Approach for Transmission and Distribution System Operators for Reserve Provision and Grid Support
Stefano Massucco, Paola Pongiglione, Federico Silvestro, Mario Paolone, Fabrizio Sossan
备注：
To be presented at PSCC 2020 and to apper in a future issue of Elsevier EPSR
This paper presents a method to determine the optimal location, energy capacity, and power rating of distributed battery energy storage systems at multiple voltage levels to accomplish grid control and reserve provision. We model operational scenarios at a one-hour resolution, where deviations of stochastic loads and renewable generation (modeled through scenarios) from a day-ahead unit commitment and violations of grid constraints are compensated by either dispatchable power plants (conventional reserves) or injections from battery energy storage systems. By plugging-in costs of conventional reserves and capital costs of converter power ratings and energy storage capacity, the model is able to derive requirements for storage deployment that achieve the technical-economical optimum of the problem. The method leverages an efficient linearized formulation of the grid constraints of both the HV (High Voltage) and MV (Medium Voltage) grids while still retaining fundamental modeling aspects of the power system (such as transmission losses, effect of reactive power, OLTC at the MV/HV interface, unideal efficiency of battery energy storage systems) and models of conventional generator. A proof-of-concept by simulations is provided with the IEEE 9-bus system coupled with the CIGRE' benchmark system for MV grids, realistic costs of power reserves, active power rating and energy capacity of batteries, and load and renewable generation profile from real measurements.
This paper proposes a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) based approach to determine optimal or near-optimal sizing and siting of multi-purpose (e.g., voltage regulation and loss minimization), community-based, utility-scale shared energy storage in distribution systems with high penetration of solar photovoltaic energy systems. Small-scale behind-the-meter (BTM) batteries are expensive, not fully utilized, and their net value is difficult to generalize and to control for grid services. On the other hand, utility-scale shared energy storage (USSES) systems have the potential t…
Sizing frequency control ancillary service (FCAS) requirements is crucial for the reliable operation of power systems amid a continuous influx of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation. Reserve sizing is especially pertinent for the Philippine grids due to an expected transition to new FCAS classifications established by its Grid Code. In lieu of the existing deterministic formulation, this work proposes a dynamic approach for sizing secondary and tertiary reserves that accounts for the stochasticity and variability of load demand and VRE. We propose a method where historical power imbalan…
The growing penetration of variable renewable energy sources (VRES) requires additional flexibility reserve to ensure reliable power system operations. Current industry practice typically assumes a certain fraction of the VRES power production forecast as flexibility reserve, thus ignoring other relevant information, such as weather conditions. To address this, probability- and risk-based reserve sizing models have been proposed, which use probabilistic VRES power forecasts that mostly rely on historical forecast and actual VRES power data for model training. Hence, these approaches are not su…
Low-inertia, isolated power systems face the problem of resiliency to power variations. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar photovoltaic, pushes the boundaries of this issue further. Higher shares of renewables requires better evaluations of electrical system stability, to avoid severe safety and economic consequences. Accounting for frequency stability requirements and allocating proper spinning reserves, therefore becomes a topic of pivotal importance in the long-term planning and operational management of power systems. In this paper, dynamic frequency constr…
The large shares of wind power generation in electricity markets motivate higher levels of operating reserves. However, current reserve sizing practices fail to account for important topological aspects that might hinder their deployment, thus resulting in high operating costs. Zonal reserve procurement mitigates such inefficiencies, however, the way the zones are defined is still open to interpretation. This paper challenges the efficiency of predetermined zonal setups that neglect the location of stochastic power production in the system, as well as the availability, cost and accessibility o…
In this article, we propose two-stage planning models for Electricity-Gas Coupled Integrated Energy System (EGC-IES), in which traditional thermal power plants (TTPPs) are considered to be retrofitted into carbon capture power plants (CCPPs), with power to gas (PtG) coupling CCPPs to gas system. The sizing and siting of carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)/PtG facilities, as well as the operation cost of TTPPs/CCPPs/gas sources/PtG, are all considered in the proposed model, including penalty on carbon emissions and revenue of CCUS. With changing policy on climate change and carbon em…
This paper presents a method for the optimal siting and sizing of energy storage systems (ESSs) in active distribution networks (ADNs) to achieve their dispatchability. The problem formulation accounts for the uncertainty inherent to the stochastic nature of distributed energy sources and loads. Thanks to the operation of ESSs, the main optimization objective is to minimize the dispatch error, which accounts for the mismatch between the realization and prediction of the power profile at the ADN connecting point to the upper layer grid, while respecting the grid voltages and ampacity constraint…
