Assuming conformally flat metric we obtain inhomogeneous solutions of Einstein equations with the energy-momentum of a viscous fluid. We suggest that the viscous solution can be applied as a model of an expanding inhomogeneous dark energy.
A cosmological model with an inhomogeneous viscous dark fluid coupled with dark matter in a flat Friedman-Robertson-Walker universe is investigated. The influence of dark matter on the behavior of an inhomogeneous viscous fluid of this kind, responsible for cosmic acceleration and for the appearance of different types of singularities, is analyzed in detail. In particular, the critical points corresponding to the solutions of the background equations in a useful approximation are obtained explicitly.
A plane-symmetric non-static cosmological model representing a bulk viscous fluid distribution has been obtained which is inhomogeneous and anisotropic and a particular case of which is gravitationally radiative. Without assuming any {\it adhoc} law, we obtain a cosmological constant as a decreasing function of time. The physical and geometric features of the models are also discussed.
We consider inhomogeneous viscous fluids in flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. We analyze different kinds of such fluids and investigate the possibility to reproduce the current cosmic acceleration providing a different future evolution with respect to the Cosmological Constant case. In particular, we study the presence of finite-future time singularities. We also discuss a general class of "integrable" viscous fluid models whose bulk viscosities obey to a common differential equation.
Some bulk viscous general solutions are found for domain walls in Lyra geometry in the plane symmetric inhomogeneous spacetime. Expressions for the energy density and pressure of domain walls are derived in both cases of uniform and time varying displacement field $β$. The viscosity coefficient of bulk viscous fluid is assumed to be a power function of mass density. Some physical consequences of the models are also given. Finally, the geodesic equations and acceleration of the test particle are discussed.
Some cylindrically symmetric inhomogeneous viscous fluid cosmological models with electro-magnetic field are obtained. To get a solution a supplementary condition between metric potentials is used. The viscosity coefficient of bulk viscous fluid is assumed to be a power function of mass density. Without assumin g any {\it ad hoc} law, we obtain a cosmological constant as a decreasing function of time. The behaviour of the electro-magnetic field tensor together with some p hysical aspects of the model are also discussed.
In this paper, we investigate inhomogeneous viscous fluid cosmology for inflation. Several toy models are presented in the attempt to analyze how inflation can be realized according with cosmological data by making use of an inhomogeneous EoS parameter for the fluid and/or by introducing a viscosity to have a graceful exit from inflation. The results will be compared with the ones of scalar field representation and discussed. We will pay attention on the possibility to recover the reheating and therefore the Friedmann universe.
The behavior of magnetic field in plane symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological models for bulk viscous distribution is investigated. The coefficient of bulk viscosity is assumed to be a power function of mass density $(ξ=ξ_{0}ρ^{n})$. The values of cosmological constant for these models are found to be small and positive which are supported by the results from recent supernovae Ia observations. Some physical and geometric aspects of the models are also discussed.
We give a brief review of some aspects of inhomogeneous viscous fluids in a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universe. In general, it is pointed out that several fluid models may bring the future Universe evolution to become singular, with the appearance of the so-called Big Rip scenario. We investigate the effects of fluids coupled with dark matter in a de Sitter Universe, by considering several cases. Due to this coupling, the coincidence problem may be solved, and if the de Sitter solution is stable, the model is also protected against the Big Rip singularity.
We consider the fluctuation modes around a hypersurface $Σ_c$ in a $(d+2)$-dimensional product Einstein manifold, with $Σ_c$ taken either near the horizon or at some finite cutoff from the horizon. By mapping the equations that governs the lowest nontrivial order of the fluctuation modes into a system of partial differential equations on a flat Newtonian spacetime, a system of compressible, forced viscous fluid is realized. This result generalizes the non bulk/boundary holographic duality constructed by us recently to the case of a different background geometry.
We construct exact static inhomogeneous solutions to Einstein's equations with counter flow of particle fluid and a positive cosmological constant by using the Sasaki metrics on three-dimensional spaces. The solutions, which admit an arbitrary function that denotes inhomogeneous number density of particles, are a generalization of Einstein's static universe. On some examples of explicit solutions, we discuss non-linear density contrast and deviation of the metric functions.
Cylindrically symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological model for bulk viscous fluid distribution with electromagnetic field is obtained. The source of the magnetic field is due to an electric current produced along the z-axis. $F_{12}$ is the non-vanishing component of electromagnetic field tensor. To get the deterministic solution, it has been assumed that the expansion $θ$ in the model is proportional to the shear $σ$. The values of cosmological constant for these models are found to be small and positive at late time, which are consistent with the results from recent supernovae Ia observations.…
Families of anisotropic and inhomogeneous string cosmologies containing non-trivial dilaton and axion fields are derived by applying the global symmetries of the string effective action to a generalized Einstein-Rosen metric. The models exhibit a two-dimensional group of Abelian isometries. In particular, two classes of exact solutions are found that represent inhomogeneous generalizations of the Bianchi type VI_h cosmology. The asymptotic behaviour of the solutions is investigated and further applications are briefly discussed.
We present solution generating techniques which permit to construct exact inhomogeneous and anisotropic cosmological solutions to a four-dimensional low energy limit of string theory containing non-minimally interacting electromagnetic and dilaton fields. Some explicit homogeneous and inhomogeneous cosmological solutions are constructed. For example, inhomogeneous exact solutions presenting Gowdy - type EMD universe are obtained. The asymptotic behaviour of the solutions is investigated. The asymptotic form of the metric near the initial singularity has a spatially varying Kasner form. The cha…
In this work, we focus on the collapse of a spherically symmetric perturbation, with a classical top-hat profile, to study the nonlinear evolution of only viscous modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) perturbations in Einstein's gravity as well as in loop quantum Cosmology (LQC). In the perturbed region, we have investigated the natures of equation of state parameter, square speed of sound and another perturbed quantities. The results have been analyzed by numerical and graphical investigations.
We consider spatially averaged inhomogeneous universe models and argue that, already in the absence of sources, an effective scalar field arises through foliating and spatially averaging inhomogeneous geometrical curvature invariants of the Einstein vacuum. This scalar field (the `morphon') acts as an inflaton, if we prescribe a potential of some generic form. We show that, for any initially negative average spatial curvature, the morphon is driven through an inflationary phase and leads - on average - to a spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic universe model, providing initial conditions …
We present the study of exact inhomogeneous cosmological solutions to a four-dimensional low energy limit of string theory containing non-minimal interacting electromagnetic, dilaton and axion fields. We analyze Einstein-Rosen solutions of Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-axion equations and show, by explicitly taken the asymptotic limits, that they have asymptotically velocity-term dominated (AVTD) singularities.
In this paper, we study the viscous $f(T, B)$ gravity model as a source of dark energy, and the Extended Bose-Einstein Condensate (EBEC) as a source of dark matter, in a flat-FRW metric. In the presence of bulk viscosity, we obtain Friedmann equations and write two continuity equations of dark energy and dark matter by interacting them. Using the generalized Gross-Pitaeveskii equation, we earn Equation of State (EoS) of dark matter by EBEC regime as $p_m = αρ_{m} + βρ_{m}^2$ in which the both of terms are respectively introduced as normal dark matter and dark matter halo. The innovation of the…
We investigate the existence of inhomogeneous Szekeres spacetimes in Einstein-æther theory. We show that inhomogeneous solutions which can be seen as extension of the Szekeres solutions existing in Einstein-æther gravity only for a specific relation between the dimensionless coefficients which defines the coupling between the æther filed with gravity. The two Szekeres classes of solutions are derived. Also a class of inhomogeneous FLRW-like spacetimes is allowed by the theory for arbitrary values of the dimensionless coefficients of the æther field. The stability of the solutions obtained is p…
For space-times with two spacelike isometries, we present infinite hierarchies of exact solutions of the Einstein and Einstein--Maxwell equations as represented by their Ernst potentials. This hierarchy contains three arbitrary rational functions of an auxiliary complex parameter. They are constructed using the so called `monodromy transform' approach and our new method for the solution of the linear singular integral equation form of the reduced Einstein equations. The solutions presented, which describe inhomogeneous cosmological models or gravitational and electromagnetic waves and their in…
We consider the conformal Einstein equations for massless collisionless gas cosmologies which admit an isotropic singularity. It is shown that the Cauchy problem for these equations is well-posed with data consisting of the limiting particle distribution function at the singularity.
A family of cosmological models is considered which in a certain synchronized system of reference possess flat slices t = const. They are generated from the Einstein-de Sitter universe by a suitable transformation. Under physically reasonable presumptions these transformed models fulfil certain energy conditions.
A novel class of Einstein vacua is presented, which possess non-vanishing cosmological constant and accelerating horizon with the topology of $S^{D-3}$ fibration over $S^{1}$. After Euclideanization, the solution describes a conformally distorted $S^{D-1}$ fibration over $S^1$, which is smooth, compact and inhomogeneous, and can be regarded as analogue of Don Page's gravitational instanton.
Purely time dependent solutions in four-dimensional Einstein-Cartan-Kalb-Ramond (ECKR) theory of gravity are shown not to be possible leading to a trivial vanishing of all Kalb-Ramond fields. This result seems to contradict previously results obtained by SenGupta et al. (Class. and Quantum Gravity 19(2002)677) where de Sitter spacetime solution is found as an example of opticaly active spacetime. It seems that only inhomogeneous KR fields are possible in four-dimensional torsioned spacetimes.
In this paper we investigate the evolution of the viscous dark energy (DE) interacting with the dark matter (DM) in the Einstein cosmology model. Using the linearizing theory of the dynamical system, we find, in our model, there exists a stable late time scaling solution which corresponds to the accelerating universe, and we also find the unstable solution under some appropriate parameters. In order to alleviate the coincidence problem, some authors considered the effect of quantum correction due to the conform anomaly and the interacting dark energy model. But if we take into account the bulk…
We present new exact inhomogeneous vacuum cosmological solutions of Einstein's equations. They provide new information about the nature of general cosmological solutions to Einstein's equations.
We consider a Lemaitre - Tolman - Bondi type space-time in Einstein gravity with the Gauss-Bonnet combination of quadratic curvature terms, and present exact solution in closed form. It turns out that the presence of the coupling constant of the Gauss-Bonnet terms alpha > 0 completely changes the causal structure of the singularities from the analogous general relativistic case. The gravitational collapse of inhomogeneous dust in the five-dimensional Gauss-Bonnet extended Einstein equations leads to formation of a massive, but weak, timelike singularity which is forbidden in general relativity…
Specific dark energy models with a linear inhomogeneous time-dependent equation of state, within the framework of 4d Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology, are investigated. It is demonstrated that such 4d inhomogeneous fluid models may lead to a turbulence FRW cosmology. Both one-component and two-component models from 4d inhomogeneous dark fluid models are considered. In the one-component model the universe may develop from a viscous era with, for instance, a constant bulk viscosity, into a turbulent era. In the two-component model the fluid can be decomposed into two components, one non…
We study effects of viscous fluid coupled with dark matter in our universe. We consider bulk viscosity in the cosmic fluid and we suppose the existence of a coupling between fluid and dark matter, in order to reproduce a stable de Sitter universe protected against future-time singularities. More general inhomogeneous fluids are studied related to future singularities.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the existence of static stable Einstein universe using inhomogeneous linear perturbations in the context of $f(R,T)$ gravity ($R$ and $T$ denote the scalar curvature and trace of the stress-energy tensor, respectively). The static and perturbed field equations are constructed for perfect fluid parameterized by linear equation of state parameter. We obtain solutions manifesting the Einstein static state by considering peculiar $f(R,T)$ forms for vanishing and non-vanishing conservation of the stress-energy tensor. It is observed that stable static Einstei…
Applying the method of conformal metric to a given static axially symmetric vacuum solution of the Einstein equations, we have shown that there is no solution representing a cosmic ideal fluid which is asymtotically FLRW. Letting the cosmic fluid to be imperfect there are axially symmetric solutions tending to FLRW at space infinity. The solution we have found represents an axially symmetric spacetime leading to a spherically symmetric Einstein tensor. Therefore, we have found a solution of Einstein equations representing a spherically symmetric matter distribution corresponding to a spacetime…
A new infinite series of Einstein metrics is constructed explicitly on S^2 x S^3, and the non-trivial S^3-bundle over S^2, containing infinite numbers of inhomogeneous ones. They appear as a certain limit of a nearly extreme 5-dimensional AdS Kerr black hole. In the special case, the metrics reduce to the homogeneous Einstein metrics studied by Wang and Ziller. We also construct an inhomogeneous Einstein metric on the non-trivial S^{d-2}-bundle over S^2 from a d-dimensional AdS Kerr black hole. Our construction is a higher dimensional version of the method of Page, which gave an inhomogeneous …
The estimation of parameters of generalized cosmic Chaplygin gas and viscous modified Chaplygin gas and Accretions around Black Hole in the background of Einstein-Aether gravity
Beginning with a special form of the Einstein-Rosen metric, we find new cosmological solutions of the Einstein equations, having two hypersurface-orthogonal Killing vectors , with ideal fluid. The equation of state is in the most cases of the form $p = γρ$.
We review spherical and inhomogeneous analytic solutions of the field equations of Einstein and of scalar-tensor gravity, including Brans-Dicke theory, non-minimally (possibly conformally) coupled scalar fields, Horndeski, and beyond Horndeski/DHOST gravity. The zoo includes both static and dynamic solutions, asymptotically flat, and asymptotically Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker ones. We minimize overlap with existing books and reviews and we place emphasis on scalar field spacetimes and on geometries that are "general" within certain classes. Relations between various solutions, which ha…
Exact results stemming directly from Einstein equations imply that inhomogeneous Universes endowed with vanishing pressure density can only decelerate, unless the energy density of the Universe becomes negative. Recent proposals seem to argue that inhomogeneous (but isotropic) space-times, filled only with incoherent matter,may turn into accelerated Universes for sufficiently late times. To scrutinize these scenarios, fully inhomogeneous Einstein equations are discussed in the synchronous system. In a dust-dominated Universe, the inhomogeneous generalization of the deceleration parameter is al…
We study the effect of small-scale inhomogeneities for Einstein clusters. We construct a spherically symmetric stationary spacetime with small-scale radial inhomogeneities and propose the Gedankenexperiment. An hypothetical observer at the center constructs, using limited observational knowledge, a simplified homogeneous model of the configuration. An idealization introduces side effects. The inhomogeneous spacetime and the effective homogeneous spacetime are given by simple solutions to Einstein equations. They provide a basic toy-model for studies of the effect of small-scale inhomogeneities…
We investigate the Einstein equation with a positive cosmological constant for $4n+4$-dimensional metrics on bundles over Quaternionic Kähler base manifolds whose fibers are 4-dimensional Bianchi IX manifolds. The Einstein equations are reduced to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations. We numerically find inhomogeneous compact Einstein spaces with orbifold singularity.
We investigate the bounce cosmology induced by inhomogeneous viscous fluids in FRW space-time (non necessarly flat), taking into account the early-time acceleration after the bounce. Different forms for the scale factor and several examples of fluids will be considered. We also analyze the relation between bounce and finite-time singularities and between the corresponding fluids realizing this scenarios. In the last part of the work, the study is extended to the framework of $f(R)$-modified gravity, where the modification of gravity may also be considered as an effective (viscous) fluid produc…
In this paper, the viscous cosmological dynamics are studied in the presence of dark matter Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) by curved-FRW background. For this purpose, we use the BEC regime rather than the normal dark matter (the cold dark matter or the barotropic dark matter) with the dark matter Equation of State (EoS) as $p_{dm} \propto ρ_{dm}^2$, which arises from the gravitational form. Therefore, we obtain the corresponding continuity equations with the existence of the universe components by considering an interacting model with modified Chaplygin gas. Afterward, we derive the energy d…
We introduce consideration of a new factor, synchronisation of spacetime Mixmaster oscillations, that may play a simplifying role in understanding the nature of the general inhomogeneous cosmological solution to Einstein's equations. We conjecture that, on approach to a singularity, the interaction of spacetime Mixmaster oscillations in different regions of an inhomogeneous universe can produce a synchronisation of these oscillations through a coupling to their mean field in the way first demonstrated by the Kuramoto coupled oscillator model.
In this paper, we have searched the existence of the similarity solution for plane symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological models in general relativity. The matter source consists of perfect fluid with proportionality relation between expansion scalar and shear scalar. The isovector fields of Einstein's field equation for the models under consideration are derived. A new class of exact solutions of Einstein's field equation have been obtained for inhomogeneous space-time. The physical behaviors and geometric aspects of the derived models have been discussed in detail.
We present an analysis of a n-dimensional vacuum Einstein field equations in which 4-dimensional space-time which is described by a Friedmann Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric and that of the extra dimensions by a Kasner type Euclidean metric. The field equations are interpreted as four dimensional Einstein equations with effective matter properties. We obtain solutions for the cases when the effective matter is described by imperfect fluid. We consider the theories of imperfect fluid given by Eckart, truncated Israel-Stewart and full Israel-Stewart theories and obtain cosmological solutions for a…
Singularities in the dark energy late universe are discussed, under the assumption that the Lagrangian contains the Einstein term R plus a modified gravity term of the form R^α, where αis a constant. It is found, similarly as in the case of pure Einstein gravity [I. Brevik and O. Gorbunova, Gen. Rel. Grav. 37 (2005), 2039], that the fluid can pass from the quintessence region (w>-1) into the phantom region (w<-1) as a consequence of a bulk viscosity varying with time. It becomes necessary now, however, to allow for a two-fluid model, since the viscosities for the two components vary differentl…
The Einstein field equation as an equation of state of a thermodynamical system of spacetime is reconsidered in the present Letter. We argue that a consistent interpretation leads us to identify scalar curvature and cosmological constant terms representing the bulk viscosity of the spacetime fluid. Since Einstein equation itself corresponds to a near-equilibrium state in this interpretation invoking $f(R)$ gravity for nonequilibrium thermodynamics is not required. A logically consistent generalization to include the effect of so called 'tidal forces' due to the Riemann curvature is presented. …
We demonstrate the scale invariance of the vacuum Bianchi type IX equations and use this to argue for the possibility of multifractal turbulence as a realisation of the suggestion by Belinski that there will be a fragmentation of local regions of inhomogeneous Mixmaster chaos on approach to an initial inhomogeneous cosmological singularity. Differences between the gravitational and hydrodynamical situations are outlined. Various potential obstacles to this picture of gravitational turbulence are discussed.
In this paper, we study the $F(R, G)$ gravity model with an interacting model by flat-FRW metric in a viscous fluid. We consider that the universe dominates with components of dark matter and dark energy. This means that the dark matter component derives from Extended Bose-Einstein Condensate (EBEC) and the components of dark energy arise from the $F(R, G)$ gravity. After obtaining the Einstein equation, the energy density and the pressure of dark energy are written in terms of the geometries of the curvature and the Gauss-Bonnet terms, and components of dark matter and viscous fluid. Also, th…
We investigate a class of cylindrically symmetric inhomogeneous $Λ$-dust spacetimes which have a regular axis and some zero expansion component. For $Λ\ne 0$, we obtain new exact solutions to the Einstein equations and show that they are unique, within that class. For $Λ=0$, we recover the Senovilla-Vera metric and show that it can be locally matched to an Einstein-Rosen type of exterior. Finally, we explore some consequences of the matching, such as trapped surface formation and gravitational radiation in the exterior.
We study the spherical top-hat collapse in Einstein gravity and loop quantum cosmology by taking the non-linear evolution of viscous modified variable chaplygin gas and viscous generalized cosmic chaplygin gas. We calculate the equation of state parameter, square speed of sound, perturbed equation of state parameter, perturbed square speed of sound, density contrast and divergence of peculiar velocity in perturbed region and discussed their behavior. It is observed that both chaplygin gas models support the spherical collapse in Einstein as well as loop quantum cosmology because density contra…
A Case for an Inhomogeneous Einstein-de Sitter Universe
Institute of Physics and Astronomy, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University(ELTE罗兰大学物理与天文学研究所);HUN-REN–ELTE Extragalactic Astrophysics Research Group(匈牙利研究与创新网络-ELTE河外天体物理学研究组);Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics(布达佩斯技术与经济大学核技术研究所);Department of Physics, University of Miami(迈阿密大学物理系);L2IT, Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS(图卢兹双无穷大实验室(L2IT),图卢兹大学,法国国家科学研究中心/欧洲核子研究计划国际合作小组,图卢兹第三大学)
In a viscous Bianchi type I metric of the Kasner form, it is well known that it is not possible to describe an anisotropic physical model of the universe, which satisfies the second law of thermodynamics and the dominant energy condition (DEC) in Einstein's theory of gravity. We examine this problem in scalar-tensor theories of gravity. In this theory we show that it is possible to describe the growth of entropy, keeping the thermodynamics and the dominant energy condition.
A generalized equation of state corresponding to a model that includes a Chaplygin gas and a viscous term is investigated, in the context of the reconstruction program in scalar field cosmology. The corresponding inflationary model parameters can be conveniently adjusted in order to reproduce the most recent PLANCK data. The influence of the Chaplygin gas term contribution, in relation with previous models, is discussed. Exit from inflation is shown to occur quite naturally in the new model.
The Full (non--truncated) Israel--Stewart theory of bulk viscosity is applied to dissipative FRW spacetimes. Dimensionless variables and dimensionless equations of state are used to write the Einstein--thermodynamic equations as a plane autonomous system and the qualitative behaviour of this system is determined. Entropy production in these models is also discussed.
We investigate cosmological models with two interacting fluids: dark energy and dark matter in flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. The interaction between dark energy and dark matter is described in terms of the parameters present in the inhomogeneous equation of state when allowance is made for bulk viscosity, for the Little Rip, the Pseudo Rip, and the bounce universes. We obtain analytic representation for characteristic properties in these cosmological models, in particular the bulk viscosity $ζ=ζ(H,t)$ as function of Hubble parameter and time. We discuss the corrections of thermodyn…
A new class of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations with bulk viscous fluid for an LRS Bianchi type-I spacetime is obtained by using deceleration parameter as variable. The value of Hubble's constant $H_{0}$ is found to be less than one for non-flat model and is equal to 1.5 for flat model which are of the physical interest. Some physical and geometric properties of the models are also discussed.
We consider the inflation produced by two coupled fluids in the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. Different cosmological models for describing inflation by use of an inhomogeneous equation of state for the fluid are investigated. The gravitational equations for energy and matter are solved, and analytic representations for the Hubble parameter and the energy density are obtained. Corrections in the energy density for matter inducing the inflation and the coupling with energy are discussed. We analyze the description of inflation induced by non-constant equation-of-state parameters from…
We consider a spherical gravitational collapse of inhomogeneous dust (and null dust) in Einstein gravity with the Gauss-Bonnet (GB) combination of quadratic curvature terms. It turns out that the presence of the coupling constant of the GB terms $α> 0$ completely changes the causal structure of the singularities from the analogous general relativistic case. The gravitational collapse of inhomogeneous dust in the five-dimensional GB extended Einstein equations leads to formation of a massive, but weak, timelike singularity which is forbidden in general relativity. The apparent horizons of two d…
We modify Einstein General Relativity by adding non-dynamical scalar fields to account simultaneously for both dark matter and dark energy. The dark energy in this case can be distributed in-homogeneously even within horizon scales. Its inhomogeneities can contribute to the late time integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect, possibly removing some of the low multipole anomalies in the temperature fluctuations of the CMB spectrum. The presence of the inhomogeneous dark matter also influences structure formation in the universe.
The Einstein-Klein-Gordon field equations are solved in a inhomogeneous shear-free universe containing a material fluid, a self-interacting scalar field, a variable cosmological term, and a heat flux. A quintessence-dominated scenario arises with a power-law accelerated expansion compatible with the currently observed homogeneous universe.
Some exact solutions for the Einstein field equations corresponding to inhomogeneous $G_2$ cosmologies with an exponential-potential scalar field which generalize solutions obtained previously are considered. Several particular cases are studied and the properties related to generalized inflation and asymptotic behaviour of the models are discussed.