Development of ultrafast lasers and non-linear optical techniques over the last two decades provides tools to access real-time dynamics of low energy excitations in superconductors. For example, time-resolved THz spectroscopy and time- and angular-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provide access to the real-time dynamics of the superconducting gap amplitude. Such studies enable determination of microscopic parameters like quasi-particle recombination rates, pair-breaking rates and electron-boson coupling constants. Recently, intense THz pulses have been used to probe the non-linear dynamics, including observation of collective modes. Moreover, using low frequency electromagnetic pulses, there are several reports of amplification of superconductivity in both conventional and unconventional superconductors. Starting with a brief historical overview of the pioneering work, where non-equilibrium phenomena in superconductors were investigated using quasi-continuous excitation, we review some of the insights that are provided by using real-time approaches. We focus on conventional BCS superconductors, whose ground state is reasonably well understood, and address similarities and open questions related to the corresponding studies in high-T$_{c}$ superconductors.
Observation of Competing Order in a High-$T_{c}$ Superconductor with Femtosecond Optical Pulses
利用飞秒光学技术研究了Tl $_{2}$ Ba $_{2}$ Ca $_{2}$ Cu $_{3}$ O $_{y}$（Tl-2223）中的光激发准粒子动力学.深入到超导状态（低于40 K），一个戏剧性的变化发生在与光激发准粒子重新加入凝聚体的时间动力学。这表明进入共存相，正如我们的分析所揭示的，在态密度中打开了一个间隙（除了超导能隙之外），并且此外，与超导性竞争，导致超导能隙的降低。
Possible Anisotropic Order Parameter in Pyrochlore Superconductor KOs$_2$O$_6$ Probed by Muon Spin Rotation
用μ子自旋转动（\msr）方法研究了烧绿石超导体KOs $_2$ O $_6$的磁穿透深度（$λ$）.横向自旋弛豫速率的温度依赖性，这是成比例的$λ^{-2}$，表现出相当大的偏离预期的经验双流体模型（$\propto T^4$），而服从$T^2$的趋势。此外，$λ$明显增加，随着外加电场的增加，这表明存在非线性和非局域效应。这些结果强烈地表明，超导序参量在KOs $_2$ O $_6$是各向异性的。
Nematicity is ubiquitous in electronic phases of high-$T_c$ superconductors, particularly in the Fe-based systems. We used inelastic x-ray scattering to extract the temperature-dependent nematic correlation length $ξ$ from the anomalous softening of acoustic phonon modes in FeSe, underdoped Ba(Fe$_{0.97}$Co$_{0.03}$)$_2$As$_2$ and optimally doped Ba(Fe$_{0.94}$Co$_{0.06}$)$_2$As$_2$. In all cases, we find that $ξ$ is well described by a power law $(T-T_0)^{-1/2}$ extending over a wide temperature range. We attributed this mean-field behavior and the extended fluctuation regime to a sizable nem…
The role of nematic fluctuations for unconventional superconductivity has been subject of intense discussions for many years. In iron-based superconductors, the most established probe for electronic-nematic fluctuations, i.e. the elastoresistivity seems to imply that superconductivity is reinforced by electronic-nematic fluctuations, since the elastoresistivity amplitude peaks at or close to optimal $T_C$. However, on the over-doped side of the superconducting dome, the diminishing elastoresistivity suggests a negligible importance in the mechanism of superconductivity. Here we introduce the N…
Coexistence of Superconductivity and Antiferromagnetism in Heavy-Fermion Superconductor CeCu_{2}(Si_{1-x}Ge_{x})_{2} Probed by Cu-NQR --A Test Case for the SO(5) Theory--
Charge doping-induced quasiparticle scattering in iron-pnictide superconductors as probed by vortex pinning
铁磷属元素化物超导体的电荷掺杂导致磁通涡旋的集体钉扎，而等价掺杂则不会。此外，磁通钉扎在电荷掺杂的化合物是一贯的平均自由程波动所引入的掺杂剂原子，允许提取的弹性准粒子散射率。等价掺杂的BaFe $_{2}$（As $_{1-x}$ P $_{x}$）$_{2}$中不存在掺杂剂原子的散射与该材料中低温渗透深度的线性温度依赖性的观察结果一致。
The polarized femtosecond spectroscopies obtained from well characterized (100) and (110) YBa2Cu3O7-δthin films are reported. This bulk-sensitive spectroscopy, combining with the well-textured samples, serves as an effective probe to quasiparticle relaxation dynamics in different crystalline orientations. The significant anisotropy in both the magnitude of the photoinduced transient reflectivity change and the characteristic relaxation time indicates that the nature of the relaxation channel is intrinsically different in various axes and planes. By the orientation-dependent analysis, d-wave sy…
Momentum-dependent charge correlations in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+δ}$ superconductors probed by resonant x-ray scattering: Evidence for three competing phases
我们用共振X射线散射方法测定了具有氧受体高度有序链阵列（ortho-II结构）的$_2$样品中的动量相关电荷关联。结果表明，在面内波矢（0.315，0）和（0，0.325）的近临界，双轴电荷密度波（CDW）的相关性。相应的散射强度表现出很强的单轴各向异性。当外加磁场使超导性减弱时，CDW振幅和关联长度均增大。在$_2$ O $_{6.6}$晶体上进行了类似的实验，该晶体具有较低浓度的无自旋（Zn）杂质，该杂质早先已被证明是无公度磁序的成核物。与具有相同掺杂水平的原始晶体相比，CDW振幅和相关长度被发现强烈减小。这些结果表明，在欠掺杂$_2$ O $_{6+δ}$中，自旋调制态、电荷调制态和超导态之间存在三相竞争.
We report herein the nontrivial topological states in an intrinsic type-II superconductor BaSn5 (Tc ~ 4.4 K) probed via measuring the magnetizations, specific heat, de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect and performing first principles calculations. The first principles calculations reveal a topological nodal ring structure centering at the H point in the kz = π plane of the Brillouin zone (BZ), which could be gapped by spin-orbit coupling (SOC), yielding rather small gaps below and above the Fermi level about 0.04 eV and 0.14 eV, respectively. The SOC also results in a pair of Dirac points along th…
No anomalous spin fluctuation in optimally doped and overdoped iron-based oxypnictide superconductors LaFeAsO$_{1-x}$F$_x$ probed by muon spin relaxation
在最佳掺杂和过掺杂超导体LaFeAsO $_{1-x}$ F $_x$中进行了零场和纵向场μ子自旋弛豫测量，以研究在较宽的温度和纵向场范围内的磁涨落.在μ子的时间窗（10 $^{-5}\sim$ 10 $^{-9}$ s）内，我们没有观察到磁涨落随温度变化的迹象.考虑到目前的结果和其他结果，即，通过中子散射观察到的自旋涨落、核磁共振和光电子能谱观察到的类赝能隙行为，表明不仅自旋涨落，而且费米表面具有几种不同轨道贡献的多带特征可能在LaFeAsO $_{1-x}$ F $_x$的超导配对机制中发挥重要作用。
Doping dependence of Normal-state Property in the Iron-based Oxypnictide Superconductors LaFeAsO1-y probed by 57Fe-NMR and 75As-NMR/NQR
本文报道了贫氧铁基氧氮族化合物超导体LaFeAsO_{1-y} $. A microscopic phase separation between superconducting domains and magnetic domains is shown to take place in the underdoped sample, indicating a local inhomogeneity in association with the density distribution of oxygen deficiencies. As a result, 1/T_1T in the normal state of the superconducting domain decreases significantly upon cooling at both the Fe and As sites regardless of the electron-doping level in LaFeAsO_{1-y}. On the basis of this result, we claim that $ 1/T_1 T $ is not always enhanced by antiferromagnetic fluctuations close to an antiferromagn…
Rotational symmetry breaking in the topological superconductor Sr$_x$Bi$_2$Se$_3$ probed by upper-critical field experiments
最近的研究表明，Sr的嵌入为拓扑绝缘体Bi $_2$ Se $_3$的超导电性提供了一条新的途径。拓扑超导体被预测为非常规的，具有混合的偶宇称和奇宇称库珀对状态。上临界场$B_{c2}$是检验非常规超导性的一个合适的探针。对于一个标准的BCS层状超导体$B_{c2}$显示出各向异性时，施加的磁场是平行和垂直的层，但各向同性时，场是在层的平面旋转。本文报道了超导晶体Sr $_x$ Bi $_2$ Se $_3$（$T_c = 3.0$ ~K）的上临界场的测量结果。令人惊讶的是，场角相关的磁输运测量揭示了一个大的各向异性的$B_{c2}$时，磁场在基面旋转。大的两倍的各向异性，而六倍的预期，不能解释与金斯堡-朗道各向异性有效质量模型或由洛伦兹力引起的通量流。$B_{c2}$的旋转对称破缺表明了最近提出的菱面体拓扑超导体的奇宇称极化三重态库珀对态（$Δ_4$ -配对）的非常规超导性，或者可能具有结构性质，例如Sr原子的自组织条纹有序。
We investigate the superconducting properties of Sc$_{5}$Co$_{4}$Si$_{10}$ using low-temperature resistivity, magnetization, heat capacity, and muon-spin rotation and relaxation ($μ$SR) measurements. We find that Sc$_{5}$Co$_{4}$Si$_{10}$ {exhibits type-II} superconductivity with a superconducting transition temperature $T_\mathrm{C}= 3.5 (1)$\,K. The temperature dependence of the superfluid density obtained from transverse-field $μ$SR spectra is best modeled using an isotropic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer type $s$-wave gap symmetry with $2Δ/k_\mathrm{B}T_\mathrm{C} = 2.84(2)$. However, the zero-…
Energy density driven ultrafast electronic excitations in a cuprate superconductor
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore（天主教神圣之心大学）；ILAMP (Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics)（先进材料物理跨学科实验室）；KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学）；Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A.（的里雅斯特电子同步加速器）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁海文国家实验室）；CNR-INO (National Institute of Optics)（意大利国家光学研究所）
Spectrally-resolved femtosecond reflectivity relaxation dynamics in undoped SDW 122-structure iron based pnictides
本文系统地研究了铁基超导体母自旋密度波（SDW）化合物AAs $_{2}$ Fe $_{2}$（A=Ba，Sr和Eu）的光反射率随温度和光谱变化的动力学。确定了两种不同的松弛过程。在包含磁振子的弛豫-瓶颈模型框架下，分析了对磁结构转变非常敏感的慢过程的行为。结果进行了比较，最近的时间分辨角光电发射结果（TR-ARPES）和可能的替代分配较慢的弛豫磁结构序参量松弛进行了讨论。
