Exploiting simple yet remarkable properties of relativistic gravitational scattering, we use first-order self-force (linear-in-mass-ratio) results to obtain arbitrary-mass-ratio results for the complete third-subleading post-Newtonian (4.5PN) corrections to the spin-orbit sector of spinning-binary conservative dynamics, for generic (bound or unbound) orbits and spin orientations. We thereby improve important ingredients of models of gravitational waves from spinning binaries, and we demonstrate the improvement in accuracy by comparing against aligned-spin numerical simulations of binary black holes.
The study of scattering encounters continues to provide new insights into the general relativistic two-body problem. The local-in-time conservative dynamics of an aligned-spin binary, for both unbound and bound orbits, is fully encoded in the gauge-invariant scattering-angle function, which is most naturally expressed in a post-Minkowskian (PM) expansion, and which exhibits a remarkably simple dependence on the masses of the two bodies (in terms of appropriate geometric variables). This dependence links the PM and small-mass-ratio approximations, allowing gravitational self-force results to de…
We study the gravitational dynamics in the early inspiral phase of coalescing compact binaries using Non-Relativistic General Relativity (NRGR) - an effective field theory formalism based on the post-newtonian expansion, but which provides a consistent lagrangian framework and a systematic way in which to study binary dynamics and gravitational wave emission. We calculate in this framework the spin-orbit correction to the newtonian potential at 2.5 PN.
In a recent paper we showed that for eccentric-orbit extreme-mass-ratio inspirals the analytic forms of the leading-logarithm energy and angular momentum post-Newtonian (PN) flux terms (radiated to infinity) can, to arbitrary PN order, be determined by sums over the Fourier spectrum of the Newtonian quadrupole moment. We further showed that an essential part of the eccentricity dependence of the related subleading-logarithm PN sequences, at lowest order in the symmetric mass ratio $ν$, stems as well from the Newtonian quadrupole moment. Once that part is factored out, the remaining eccentricit…
We present new results on the analytic eccentricity dependence of several sequences of gravitational wave flux terms at high post-Newtonian (PN) order for extreme-mass-ratio inspirals. These sequences are the leading logarithms, which appear at PN orders $x^{3k} \log^k(x)$ and $x^{3k+3/2} \log^k(x)$ for integers $k\ge 0$ ($x$ a PN compactness parameter), and the subleading logarithms, which appear at orders $x^{3k} \log^{k-1}(x)$ and $x^{3k+3/2} \log^{k-1}(x)$ ($k\ge 1$), in both the energy and angular momentum radiated to infinity. For the energy flux leading logarithms, we show that to arbit…
It is shown that the recently found non-uniqueness of the third post-Newtonian binary point-mass ADM-Hamiltonian is related to the non-uniqueness at the third post-Newtonian approximation of the applied ADM-coordinate conditions.
Post-Newtonian expansions of the Brill-Lindquist and Misner-Lindquist solutions of the time-symmetric two-black-hole initial value problem are derived. The static Hamiltonians related to the expanded solutions, after identifying the bare masses in both solutions, are found to differ from each other at the third post-Newtonian approximation. By shifting the position variables of the black holes the post-Newtonian expansions of the three metrics can be made to coincide up to the fifth post-Newtonian order resulting in identical static Hamiltonians up the third post-Newtonian approximation. The c…
We compute the hereditary part of the third post-Newtonian accurate gravitational energy radiation from hyperbolic scatterings (and parabolic scatterings) of non-spinning compact objects. We employ large angular momentum ($j$) expansion, and compute it to the relative $1/j^{11}$ order (so the first 12 terms). For parabolic scattering case, the exact solution is computed. At the end, the completely collected expression of the energy radiation upto the third post-Newtonian and from $1/j^{3}$ to $1/j^{15}$ order, is presented including the instantaneous contribution.
We compute the third post-Newtonian (3PN) accurate instantaneous contributions to the radiated gravitational wave (GW) energy and angular momentum arising from the hyperbolic passages of non-spinning compact objects. The present computations employ 3PN-accurate instantaneous contributions to the far-zone energy and angular momentum fluxes and the 3PN-accurate Keplerian type parametric solution for compact binaries in hyperbolic orbits.
We compute the non-linear memory contributions to the gravitational-wave amplitudes for compact binaries in eccentric orbits at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) order in general relativity. These contributions are hereditary in nature as they are sourced by gravitational waves emitted during the binary's entire dynamical past. Combining these with already available instantaneous and tail contributions we get the complete 3PN accurate gravitational waveform.
We compute the tail contributions to the gravitational-wave mode amplitudes for compact binaries in eccentric orbits at the third post-Newtonian order of general relativity. We combine them with the already available instantaneous pieces and include the post-adiabatic corrections required to fully account for the effects of radiation-reaction forces on the motion. We compare the resulting waveform in the small eccentricity limit to the circular one, finding perfect agreement.
The gravitational radiation-reaction force acting on perfect fluids at 3.5 post-Newtonian order is cast into a form which is directly applicable to numerical simulations. Extensive use is made of metric-coefficient changes induced by functional coordinate transformations, of the continuity equation, as well as of the equations of motion. We also present an expression appropriate for numerical simulations of the radiation field causing the worked out reaction force.
Head-on infall of two compact objects with arbitrary mass ratio is investigated using the multipolar post-Minkowskian approximation method. At the third post-Newtonian order the energy flux, in addition to the instantaneous contributions, also includes hereditary contributions consisting of the gravitational-wave tails, tails-of-tails and the tail-squared terms. The results are given both for infall from infinity and also for infall from a finite distance. These analytical expressions should be useful for the comparison with the high accuracy numerical relativity results within the limit in wh…
We present Keplerian-type parametrization for the solution of third post-Newtonian (3PN) accurate equations of motion for two non-spinning compact objects moving in an eccentric orbit. The orbital elements of the parametrization are explicitly given in terms of the 3PN accurate conserved orbital energy and angular momentum in both Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner-type and harmonic coordinates. Our representation will be required to construct post-Newtonian accurate `ready to use' search templates for the detection of gravitational waves from compact binaries in inspiralling eccentric orbits. Due to…
The conservative dynamics of two point masses given in harmonic coordinates up to the third post-Newtonian (3pN) order is treated within the framework of constrained canonical dynamics. A representation of the approximate Poincaré algebra is constructed with the aid of Dirac brackets. Uniqueness of the generators of the Poincaré group resp. the integrals of motion is achieved by imposing their action on the point mass coordinates to be identical with that of the usual infinitesimal Poincaré transformations. The second post-Coulombian approximation to the dynamics of two point charges as predic…
The orbital dynamics of the binary point-mass systems is ambiguous at the third post-Newtonian order of approximation. The static ambiguity is known to be related to the difference between the Brill-Lindquist solution and the Misner-Lindquist solution of the time-symmetric conformally flat initial value problem for binary black holes. The kinetic ambiguity is noticed to violate in general the standard relation between the center-of-mass velocity and the total linear momentum as demanded by global Lorentz invariance.
We specialize the radiation-reaction part of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) Hamiltonian for many non-spinning point-like bodies, calculated by Jaranowski and Schaefer [1], to third-and-a-half post-Newtonian approximation to general relativity, to binary systems. This Hamiltonian is used for the computation of the instantaneous gravitational energy loss of a binary to 1PN reactive order. We also derive the equations of motion, which include PN reactive terms via Hamiltonian and Euler-Lagrangian approaches. The results are consistent with the expressions for reactive acceleration provided by Iy…
The gravitational radiation from point particle binaries is computed at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation of general relativity. Three previously introduced ambiguity parameters, coming from the Hadamard self-field regularization of the 3PN source-type mass quadrupole moment, are consistently determined by means of dimensional regularization, and proved to have the values xi = -9871/9240, kappa = 0 and zeta = -7/33. These results complete the derivation of the general relativistic prediction for compact binary inspiral up to 3.5PN order, and should be of use for searching and deciph…
The third post-Newtonian approximation to the general relativistic dynamics of two point-mass systems has been recently derived by two independent groups, using different approaches, and different coordinate systems. By explicitly exhibiting the map between the variables used in the two approaches we prove their physical equivalence. Our map allows one to transfer all the known results of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) approach to the harmonic-coordinates one: in particular, it gives the value of the harmonic-coordinates Lagrangian, and the expression of the ten conserved quantities associate…
Scalar-tensor theories are one of the most natural and well-constrained alternative theories of gravity, while still allowing for significant deviations from general relativity. We present the equations of motion of nonspinning compact binary systems at the third post-Newtonian (PN) order in massless scalar-tensor theories. We adapt the Fokker action of point particles in harmonic coordinates in general relativity to the specificities of scalar-tensor theories. We use dimensional regularisation to treat both the infrared and ultraviolet divergences, and we consistently include the tail effects…
A third post-Newtonian (3 PN) equation of motion for an inspiralling binary consisting of two spherical compact stars with strong internal gravity is derived under harmonic coordinate condition using the strong field point particle limit. The equation of motion is complete in a sense that it is Lorentz invariant in the post-Newtonian perturbative sense, admits conserved energy of the orbital motion, and is unambiguous, that is, with no undetermined coefficient. In this paper, we show explicit expressions of the 3 PN equation of motion and an energy of the binary orbital motion in case of the c…
Up to the third post-Newtonian (3PN) order, we compute (i) the current-type quadrupole moment of (non-spinning) compact binary systems, as well as (ii) the corresponding gravitational-wave mode $(2,1)$ (constituting a 3.5PN correction in the waveform). Moreover, at this occasion, (iii) we recompute and confirm the previous calculation of the mass-type octupole moment to 3PN order. The ultra-violet (UV) divergences due to the point-like nature of the source are treated by means of dimensional regularization. This entails generalizing the definition of the irreducible mass and current multipole …
We report our rederivation of the equations of motion for relativistic compact binaries through the third-and-a-half post-Newtonian (3.5 PN) order approximation to general relativity using the strong field point particle limit to describe self-gravitating stars instead of the Dirac delta functional. The computation is done in harmonic coordinates. Our equations of motion describe the orbital motion of the binary consisting of spherically symmetric non-rotating stars. The resulting equations of motion fully agree with the 3.5 PN equations of motion derived in the previous works. We also show th…
The paper presents the conservative dynamics of two-body point-mass systems up to the third post-Newtonian order ($1/c^6$). The two-body dynamics is given in terms of a higher order ADM Hamilton function which results from a third post-Newtonian Routh functional for the total field-plus-matter system. The applied regularization procedures, together with making use of distributional differentiation of homogeneous functions, give unique results for the terms in the Hamilton function apart from the coefficient of the term $(νp_{i}{\pa_{i}})^2r^{-1}$. The result suggests an invalidation of the bin…
Gravitational waves contain tail effects that are due to the backscattering of linear waves in the curved space-time geometry around the source. The knowledge as well as the accuracy of the two-body inspiraling post-Newtonian (PN) dynamics and of the gravitational-wave signal has been recently improved, notably by computing the spin-orbit (SO) terms induced by tail effects in the gravitational-wave energy flux at the 3PN order. Here we sketch this derivation, which yields the phasing formula including SO tail effects through the same 3PN order. Those results can be employed to improve the accu…
We extend the description of gravitational waves emitted by binary black holes during the final stages of inspiral and merger by introducing in the third post-Newtonian (3PN) effective-one-body (EOB) templates seven new ``flexibility'' parameters that affect the two-body dynamics and gravitational radiation emission. The plausible ranges of these flexibility parameters, notably the parameter characterising the fourth post-Newtonian effects in the dynamics, are estimated. Using these estimates, we show that the currently available standard 3PN bank of EOB templates does ``span'' the space of si…
The equations of motion of compact binary systems and their associated Lagrangian formulation have been derived in previous works at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation of general relativity in harmonic coordinates. In the present work we investigate the binary's relative dynamics in the center-of-mass frame (center of mass located at the origin of the coordinates). We obtain the 3PN-accurate expressions of the center-of-mass positions and equations of the relative binary motion. We show that the equations derive from a Lagrangian (neglecting the radiation reaction), from which we ded…
We compute the quadrupole mode of the gravitational waveform of inspiralling compact binaries at the third and a half post-Newtonian (3.5PN) approximation of general relativity. The computation is performed using the multipolar post-Newtonian formalism, and restricted to binaries without spins moving on quasi-circular orbits. The new inputs mainly include the 3.5PN terms in the mass quadrupole moment of the source, and the control of required subdominant corrections to the contributions of hereditary integrals (tails and non-linear memory effect). The result is given in the form of the quadrup…
This paper is motivated by the need to improve the post-Newtonian (PN) amplitude accuracy of waveforms for gravitational waves generated by inspiralling compact binaries, both for use in data analysis and in the comparison between post-Newtonian approximations and numerical relativity computations. It presents: (i) the non-linear couplings between multipole moments of general post-Newtonian matter sources up to order 3.5PN, including all contributions from tails, tails-of-tails and the non-linear memory effect; and (ii) the source mass-type octupole moment of (non-spinning) compact binaries up…
The equations of motion of two point masses in harmonic coordinates are derived through the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation. The problem of self-field regularization (necessary for removing the divergent self-field of point particles) is dealt with in two separate steps. In a first step the extended Hadamard regularization is applied, resulting in equations of motion which are complete at the 3PN order, except for the occurence of one and only one unknown parameter. In a second step the dimensional regularization (in d dimensions) is used as a powerful argument for fixing the value of…
We investigate the dynamics of two point-like particles through the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation of general relativity. The infinite self-field of each point-mass is regularized by means of Hadamard's concept of ``partie finie''. Distributional forms associated with the regularization are used systematically in the computation. We determine the stress-energy tensor of point-like particles compatible with the previous regularization. The Einstein field equations in harmonic coordinates are iterated to the 3PN order. The 3PN equations of motion are Lorentz-invariant and admit a conse…
The angular momentum flux from an inspiralling binary system of compact objects moving in quasi-elliptical orbits is computed at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) order using the multipolar post-Minkowskian wave generation formalism. The 3PN angular momentum flux involves the instantaneous, tail, and tail-of-tails contributions as for the 3PN energy flux, and in addition a contribution due to non-linear memory. We average the angular momentum flux over the binary's orbit using the 3PN quasi-Keplerian representation of elliptical orbits. The averaged angular momentum flux provides the final input …
A Lagrangian from which derive the third post-Newtonian (3PN) equations of motion of compact binaries (neglecting the radiation reaction damping) is obtained. The 3PN equations of motion were computed previously by Blanchet and Faye in harmonic coordinates. The Lagrangian depends on the harmonic-coordinate positions, velocities and accelerations of the two bodies. At the 3PN order, the appearance of one undetermined physical parameter λreflects an incompleteness of the point-mass regularization used when deriving the equations of motion. In addition the Lagrangian involves two unphysical (gaug…
The equations of motion of two point masses have recently been derived at the 3PN approximation of general relativity. From that work we determine the location of the innermost circular orbit or ICO, defined by the minimum of the binary's 3PN energy as a function of the orbital frequency for circular orbits. We find that the post-Newtonian series converges well for equal masses. Spin effects appropriate to corotational black-hole binaries are included. We compare the result with a recent numerical calculation of the ICO in the case of two black holes moving on exactly circular orbits (helical …
We compute the instantaneous contributions to the spherical harmonic modes of gravitational waveforms from compact binary systems in general orbits up to the third post-Newtonian order. We further extend these results for compact binaries in quasi-elliptical orbits using the 3PN quasi-Keplerian representation of the conserved dynamics of compact binaries in eccentric orbits. Using the multipolar post-Minkowskian formalism, starting from the different mass and current type multipole moments, we compute the spin weighted spherical harmonic decomposition of the instantaneous part of the gravitati…
We extract all the invariants (i.e. all the functions which do not depend on the choice of phase-space coordinates) of the dynamics of two point-masses, at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation of general relativity. We start by showing how a contact transformation can be used to reduce the 3PN higher-order Hamiltonian derived by Jaranowski and Schäfer to an ordinary Hamiltonian. The dynamical invariants for general orbits (considered in the center-of-mass frame) are then extracted by computing the radial action variable $\oint{p_r}dr$ as a function of energy and angular momentum. The i…
Dimensional regularization is applied to the computation of the gravitational wave field generated by compact binaries at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation. We generalize the wave generation formalism from isolated post-Newtonian matter systems to d spatial dimensions, and apply it to point masses (without spins), modelled by delta-function singularities. We find that the quadrupole moment of point-particle binaries in harmonic coordinates contains a pole when epsilon = d-3 -> 0 at the 3PN order. It is proved that the pole can be renormalized away by means of the same shifts of the …
While there has been much success in understanding the orbital dynamics and gravitational wave emission of eccentric compact binaries in the post-Newtonian formalism, some problems still remain. The largest of these concerns hereditary effects: non-linear phenomena related to the scattering off of the background curved spacetime (tails) and to the generation of gravitational waves by gravitational waves (memory). Currently, these hereditary effects are only known numerically for arbitrary eccentricity through infinite sums of Bessel functions, with closed-form, analytic results only available …
The general relativistic corrections in the equations of motion and associated energy of a binary system of point-like masses are derived at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) order. The derivation is based on a post-Newtonian expansion of the metric in harmonic coordinates at the 3PN approximation. The metric is parametrized by appropriate non-linear potentials, which are evaluated in the case of two point-particles using a Lorentzian version of an Hadamard regularization which has been defined in previous works. Distributional forms and distributional derivatives constructed from this regulariza…
The gravitational waveform (GWF) generated by inspiralling compact binaries moving in quasi-circular orbits is computed at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation to general relativity. Our motivation is two-fold: (i) To provide accurate templates for the data analysis of gravitational wave inspiral signals in laser interferometric detectors; (ii) To provide the associated spin-weighted spherical harmonic decomposition to facilitate comparison and match of the high post-Newtonian prediction for the inspiral waveform to the numerically-generated waveforms for the merger and ringdown. This …
We reproduce the two-body gravitational conservative dynamics at third post-Newtonian order for spin-less sources by using the effective field theory methods for the gravitationally bound two-body system, proposed by Goldberger and Rothstein. This result has been obtained by automatizing the computation of Feynman amplitudes within a Mathematica algorithm, paving the way for higher-order computations not yet performed by traditional methods.
An equation of motion for relativistic compact binaries is derived through the third post-Newtonian (3 PN) approximation of general relativity. The strong field point particle limit and multipole expansion of the stars are used to solve iteratively the harmonically relaxed Einstein equations. We take into account the Lorentz contraction on the multipole moments defined in our previous works. We then derive a 3 PN acceleration of the binary orbital motion of the two spherical compact stars based on a surface integral approach which is a direct consequence of local energy momentum conservation. …
A Tale of Two Calibrators: Comparing Newtonian and Photon Calibration in Advanced LIGO after the Third Observing Run
The Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；LIGO Hanford Observatory（LIGO汉福德天文台）；LIGO Livingston Observatory（LIGO利文斯顿天文台）；Missouri Institute of Science and Technology（密苏里科技大学）；Kenyon College（肯扬学院）
Dimensional regularization is used to derive the equations of motion of two point masses in harmonic coordinates. At the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation, it is found that the dimensionally regularized equations of motion contain a pole part [proportional to 1/(d-3)] which diverges as the space dimension d tends to 3. It is proven that the pole part can be renormalized away by introducing suitable shifts of the two world-lines representing the point masses, and that the same shifts renormalize away the pole part of the "bulk" metric tensor g_munu(x). The ensuing, finite renormalized eq…
The multipolar-post-Minkowskian approach to gravitational radiation is applied to the problem of the generation of waves by the compact binary inspiral. We investigate specifically the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation in the total energy flux. The new results are the computation of the mass quadrupole moment of the binary to the 3PN order, and the current quadrupole and mass octupole to the 2PN order. Wave tails and tails of tails in the far zone are included up to the 3.5PN order. The recently derived 3PN equations of binary motion are used to compute the time-derivatives of the momen…
Continuing previous work on the 3PN-accurate gravitational wave generation from point particle binaries, we obtain the binary's 3PN mass-type quadrupole and dipole moments for general (not necessarily circular) orbits in harmonic coordinates. The final expressions are given in terms of their ``core'' parts, resulting from the application of the pure Hadamard-Schwartz (pHS) self-field regularization scheme, and augmented by an ``ambiguous'' part. In the case of the 3PN quadrupole we find three ambiguity parameters, xi, kappa and zeta, but only one for the 3PN dipole, in the form of the particul…
We obtain for the first time all quadratic-in-spin interactions in spinning binaries at the third subleading order in post-Newtonian (PN) gravity, and provide their observable binding energies and their gauge-invariant relations to the angular momentum. Our results are valid for generic compact objects, orbits, and spin orientations, and enter at the fifth PN order for maximally-rotating objects, thus pushing the state of the art. This is accomplished through an extension of the effective field theory of spinning gravitating objects, and of its computational application. We also discover a new…
The far-zone flux of energy contains hereditary (tail) contributions that depend on the entire past history of the source. Using the multipolar post-Minkowskian wave generation formalism, we propose and implement a semi-analytical method in the frequency domain to compute these contributions from the inspiral phase of a binary system of compact objects moving in quasi-elliptical orbits up to 3PN order. The method explicitly uses the quasi-Keplerian representation of elliptical orbits at 1PN order and exploits the doubly periodic nature of the motion to average the 3PN fluxes over the binary's …
We discuss the analytical determination of the location of the Last Stable Orbit (LSO) in circular general relativistic orbits of two point masses. We use several different ``resummation methods'' (including new ones) based on the consideration of gauge-invariant functions, and compare the results they give at the third post-Newtonian (3PN) approximation of general relativity. Our treatment is based on the 3PN Hamiltonian of Jaranowski and Schäfer. One of the new methods we introduce is based on the consideration of the (invariant) function linking the angular momentum and the angular frequenc…
The instantaneous contributions to the 3PN gravitational wave luminosity from the inspiral phase of a binary system of compact objects moving in a quasi elliptical orbit is computed using the multipolar post-Minkowskian wave generation formalism. The necessary inputs for this calculation include the 3PN accurate mass quadrupole moment for general orbits and the mass octupole and current quadrupole moments at 2PN. Using the recently obtained 3PN quasi-Keplerian representation of elliptical orbits the flux is averaged over the binary's orbit. Supplementing this by the important hereditary contri…
In this paper, second post-Newtonian approximation of Einstein-aether theory is obtained by Chandrasekhar's approach. Five parameterized post-Newtonian parameters in first post-Newtonian approximation are presented after a time transformation and they are identical with previous works, in which $γ=1$, $β=1$ and two preferred-frame parameters remain. Meanwhile, in second post-Newtonian approximation, a parameter, which represents third order nonlinearity for gravity, is zero the same as in general relativity. For an application for future deep space laser ranging missions, we reduce the metric …
