Mapping the Landscape of Artificial Intelligence Applications against COVID-19
United Nations Global Pulse（联合国全球脉动）；Institute for Data Science, Durham University（杜伦大学数据科学研究所）；Mila Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute（Mila魁北克人工智能研究所）；Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；NYU Stern School of Business（纽约大学斯特恩商学院）；World Health Organization（世界卫生组织）
Joseph Bullock, Alexandra Luccioni, Katherine Hoffmann Pham, Cynthia Sin Nga Lam, Miguel Luengo-Oroz
备注：
39 pages, v2: much larger to reflect the significant increase in the size of the body of literature, v3: uploaded with JAIR page numbers and references
发表信息：
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 69 (2020) 807-845
COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, which has reported over 18 million confirmed cases as of August 5, 2020. In this review, we present an overview of recent studies using Machine Learning and, more broadly, Artificial Intelligence, to tackle many aspects of the COVID-19 crisis. We have identified applications that address challenges posed by COVID-19 at different scales, including: molecular, by identifying new or existing drugs for treatment; clinical, by supporting diagnosis and evaluating prognosis based on medical imaging and non-invasive measures; and societal, by tracking both the epidemic and the accompanying infodemic using multiple data sources. We also review datasets, tools, and resources needed to facilitate Artificial Intelligence research, and discuss strategic considerations related to the operational implementation of multidisciplinary partnerships and open science. We highlight the need for international cooperation to maximize the potential of AI in this and future pandemics.
European University Institute（欧洲大学学院）；University of Padova（帕多瓦大学）
The COVID-19 pandemic considerably affects public health systems around the world. The lack of knowledge about the virus, the extension of this phenomenon, and the speed of the evolution of the infection are all factors that highlight the necessity of employing new approaches to study these events. Artificial intelligence techniques may be useful in analyzing data related to areas affected by the virus. The aim of this work is to investigate any possible relationships between air quality and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Italian districts. Specifically, we report an analysis of the correlatio…
The COVID-19 crisis has brought about new clinical questions, new workflows, and accelerated distributed healthcare needs. While artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support seemed to have matured, the application of AI-based tools for COVID-19 has been limited to date. In this perspective piece, we identify opportunities and requirements for AI-based clinical decision support systems and highlight challenges that impact "AI readiness" for rapidly emergent healthcare challenges.
We have witnessed an unprecedented public health crisis caused by the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has severely affected medical institutions, our common lives, and social-economic activities. This crisis also reveals the brittleness of existing medical services, such as over-centralization of medical resources, the hysteresis of medical services digitalization, and weak security and privacy protection of medical data. The integration of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and blockchain is expected to be a panacea to COVID-19 attributed to the ubiquitous presence and the percep…
Deakin University（迪肯大学）；Griffith University（格里菲斯大学）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；Kumoh National Institute of Technology（韩国国立金乌工科大学）；Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH)（胡志明市工业大学）；Pusan National University（釜山大学）；University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied widely in our daily lives in a variety of ways with numerous success stories. AI has also contributed to dealing with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been happening around the globe. This paper presents a survey of AI methods being used in various applications in the fight against the COVID-19 outbreak and outlines the crucial role of AI research in this unprecedented battle. We touch on areas where AI plays as an essential component, from medical image processing, data analytics, text mining and natural language processing, …
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a global health crisis playing out in the age of social media. Even though the virtual environment makes interaction possible regardless of physical location, many of the most pressing issues during the pandemic -- case counts, lockdown policies, vaccine availability -- have played out in an intensely local fashion. Reflecting this locality, many of the online COVID communities that formed have been closely tied to physical location, at different spatial scales ranging from cities to countries to entire global platforms. This provides an opportunity to study how …
The very first infected novel coronavirus case (COVID-19) was found in Hubei, China in Dec. 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread over 214 countries and areas in the world, and has significantly affected every aspect of our daily lives. At the time of writing this article, the numbers of infected cases and deaths still increase significantly and have no sign of a well-controlled situation, e.g., as of 13 July 2020, from a total number of around 13.1 million positive cases, 571, 527 deaths were reported in the world. Motivated by recent advances and applications of artificial intelligence (AI)…
Wake Forest University（维克森林大学）；Wake Forest University School of Medicine（维克森林大学医学院）
COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in Wuhan, China late in December 2019. Not long after, the virus spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. This caused many changes around the world and in the United States, including an educational shift towards online learning. In this paper, we seek to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic and increase in online learning impact college students' emotional wellbeing. We use several machine learning and statistical models to analyze data collected by the Faculty…
University of Chieti-Pescara（基耶蒂-佩斯卡拉大学）；ISTI-CNR Pisa（比萨国家研究委员会信息科学与技术研究所）；Pi School（Pi学院）
This paper aims to investigate the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) to resolve the legal issues raised by the Covid-19 emergency about the fate of continuing execution contracts, or those with deferred or periodic execution, as well as, more generally, to deal with exceptional events and contingencies. We first study whether the Italian legal system allows for ''maintenance'' remedies to cope with contingencies and to avoid the termination of the contract, while ensuring effective protection of the interests of both parties. We then give a complete and technical description of…
When the COVID-19 disease pandemic infiltrated the world, there was an immediate need for accurate information. As with any outbreak, the outbreak follows a clear trajectory, and subsequently, the supporting information for that outbreak needs to address the needs associated with that stage of the outbreak. At first, there was a need to inform the public of the information related to the initial situation related to the "who" of the COVID-19 disease. However, as time continued, the "where", "when" and "how to" related questions started to emerge in relation to the public healthcare system them…
Novel coronavirus-19 (2019-nCoV or COVID-19) is by far the most dangerous coronavirus ever identified for the third time in the three decades capable of infecting not only the animals but also the humans across the globe. Nearly 6000 deaths have been recorded due mainly to COVID-19 outbreak worldwide and more than 50% of these deaths appeared to have evolved from China where the virus was thought to originate. The endemicity of COVID-19 dramatically surpassed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that were so far di…
As a startup company in the autonomous driving space, we have undergone four years of painful experiences dealing with a broad spectrum of regulatory requirements. Compared to the software industry norm, which spends 13% of their overall budget on compliances, we were forced to spend 42% of our budget on compliances. Our situation is not alone and, in a way, reflects the dilemma of the artificial intelligence (AI) regulatory landscape. The root cause is the lack of AI expertise in the legislative and executive branches, leading to a lack of standardization for the industry to follow. In this a…
The COVID-19 Pandemic has left a devastating trail all over the world, in terms of loss of lives, economic decline, travel restrictions, trade deficit, and collapsing economy including real-estate, job loss, loss of health benefits, the decline in quality of access to care and services and overall quality of life. Immunization from the anticipated vaccines will not be the stand-alone guideline that will help surpass the pandemic and return to normalcy. Four pillars of effective public health intervention include diagnostic testing for both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, contact trac…
Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）；Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学）；Instituto de Salud Carlos III（卡洛斯三世卫生研究所）；Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol（Germans Trias i Pujol大学医院）；Universidad de Guadalajara（瓜达拉哈拉大学）；Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud（健康科学中心大学学院）；OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara（瓜达拉哈拉市立医院）
Just like your phone can detect what song is playing in crowded spaces, we show that Artificial Intelligence transfer learning algorithms trained on cough phone recordings results in diagnostic tests for COVID-19. To gain adoption by the health care community, we plan to validate our results in a clinical trial and three other venues in Mexico, Spain and the USA . However, if we had data from other on-going clinical trials and volunteers, we may do much more. For example, for confirmed stay-at-home COVID-19 patients, a longitudinal audio test could be developed to determine contact-with-hospit…
Case Western Reserve University（凯斯西储大学）；East Carolina University（东卡罗来纳大学）
The emergence of artificial intelligence has incited a paradigm shift across the spectrum of human endeavors, with ChatGPT serving as a catalyst for the transformation of various established domains, including but not limited to education, journalism, security, and ethics. In the post-pandemic era, the widespread adoption of remote work has prompted the educational sector to reassess conventional pedagogical methods. This paper is to scrutinize the underlying psychological principles of ChatGPT, delve into the factors that captivate user attention, and implicate its ramifications on the future…
During the COVID-19 crisis, educational institutions worldwide shifted from face-to-face instruction to emergency remote teaching (ERT) modalities. In this forced and sudden transition, teachers and students did not have the opportunity to acquire the knowledge or skills necessary for online learning modalities implemented through a learning management system (LMS). Therefore, undergraduate teachers tend to mainly use an LMS as an information repository and rarely promote virtual interactions among students, thus limiting the benefits of collective intelligence for students. We analyzed data o…
University College London（伦敦大学学院）；Bioxydyn Limited（博克西丁有限公司）
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, emerged into a world being rapidly transformed by artificial intelligence (AI) based on big data, computational power and neural networks. The gaze of these networks has in recent years turned increasingly towards applications in healthcare. It was perhaps inevitable that COVID-19, a global disease propagating health and economic devastation, should capture the attention and resources of the world's computer scientists in academia and industry. The potential for AI to support the response to the pandemic has …
In the last five years, private companies, research institutions as well as public sector organisations have issued principles and guidelines for ethical AI, yet there is debate about both what constitutes "ethical AI" and which ethical requirements, technical standards and best practices are needed for its realization. To investigate whether a global agreement on these questions is emerging, we mapped and analyzed the current corpus of principles and guidelines on ethical AI. Our results reveal a global convergence emerging around five ethical principles (transparency, justice and fairness, n…
The SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease have posed unprecedented and overwhelming demand, challenges and opportunities to domain, model and data driven modeling. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the challenges, tasks, methods, progress, gaps and opportunities in relation to modeling COVID-19 problems, data and objectives. It constructs a research landscape of COVID-19 modeling tasks and methods, and further categorizes, summarizes, compares and discusses the related methods and progress of modeling COVID-19 epidemic transmission processes and dynamics, case identification and tr…
Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；Mila Québec Artificial Intelligence Institute（米拉魁北克人工智能研究所）；United Nations Global Pulse（联合国全球脉动）；Institute for Data Science, Durham University（杜伦大学数据科学研究所）；NYU Stern School of Business（纽约大学斯特恩商学院）；Global Coordination Mechanism on NCDs, WHO（世界卫生组织非传染性疾病全球协调机制）
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major challenge to humanity, with 12.7 million confirmed cases as of July 13th, 2020 [1]. In previous work, we described how Artificial Intelligence can be used to tackle the pandemic with applications at the molecular, clinical, and societal scales [2]. In the present follow-up article, we review these three research directions, and assess the level of maturity and feasibility of the approaches used, as well as their potential for operationalization. We also summarize some commonly encountered risks and practical pitfalls, as well as guidelines and best practi…
Aim of this paper is the description of a new tool to support institutions in the implementation of targeted countermeasures, based on quantitative and multi-scale elements, for the fight and prevention of emergencies, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The tool is a centralized system (web application), single multi-user platform, which relies on Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for the processing of heterogeneous data, and which can produce an output level of risk. The model includes a specific neural network which will be first trained to learn the correlation between selected in…
Discovering the influence of personal features in psychological processes using Artificial Intelligence techniques: the case of COVID19 lockdown in Spain
CEIEC Research Institute（CEIEC 研究所）；Universidad Francisco de Vitoria（弗朗西斯科·德·维多利亚大学）
Several contact tracing solutions have been proposed and implemented all around the globe to combat the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. But, most of these solutions endanger the privacy rights of the individuals and hinder their widespread adoption. We propose a privacy-preserving contact tracing protocol for the efficient tracing of the spread of the global pandemic. It is based on the private set intersection (PSI) protocol and utilizes the homomorphic properties to preserve the privacy at the individual level. A hierarchical model for the representation of landscapes and rate-limiting factor o…
The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled the spread of misinformation on social media and the Web as a whole. The phenomenon dubbed `infodemic' has taken the challenges of information veracity and trust to new heights by massively introducing seemingly scientific and technical elements into misleading content. Despite the existing body of work on modeling and predicting misinformation, the coverage of very complex scientific topics with inherent uncertainty and an evolving set of findings, such as COVID-19, provides many new challenges that are not easily solved by existing tools. To address these iss…
The challenges and realities of retailing in a COVID-19 world: Identifying trending and Vital During Crisis keywords during Covid-19 using Machine Learning (Austria as a case study)
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the world, having taken the lives of over 6 million individuals. Accordingly, this pandemic has caused a shift in conversations surrounding the burden of diseases worldwide, welcoming insights from multidisciplinary fields including digital health and artificial intelligence. Africa faces a heavy disease burden that exacerbates the current COVID-19 pandemic and limits the scope of public health preparedness, response, containment, and case management. Herein, we examined the potential impact of transformative digital health technologies in mitigati…
Without proper medication and vaccination for the COVID-19, many governments are using automated digital healthcare surveillance system to prevent and control the spread. There is not enough literature explaining the concerns and privacy issues; hence, we have briefly explained the topics in this paper. We focused on digital healthcare surveillance system's privacy concerns and different segments. Further research studies should be conducted in different sectors. This paper provides an overview based on the published articles, which are not focusing on the privacy issues that much. Artificial …
The objective of this article is to explore the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) interventions and its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the containment of the pandemic spread of novel Coronavirus. The research adopted a qualitative research approach, while the study data were collected through online content review and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Starting with a preliminary set of about 1200 electronic resources or contents, 56 were selected for review study, applying an inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review study revealed ICT interventions that inclu…
In this chapter we extend earlier work (Vinuesa et al., Nature Communications 11, 2020) on the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations (UN) for the 2030 Agenda. The present contribution focuses on three SDGs related to healthy and sustainable societies, i.e. SDG 3 (on good health), SDG 11 (on sustainable cities) and SDG 13 (on climate action). This chapter extends the previous study within those three goals, and goes beyond the 2030 targets. These SDGs are selected because they are closely related to the co…
