Process Quality Control Strategy for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker and High Granularity Calorimeter
Viktoria Hinger
备注：
6 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research A, Proceedings of the 12th International Hiroshima Symposium on Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors
Between 2025 and 2027, some essential components of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) detector - most notably the tracker and the calorimeter endcap - will be upgraded to prepare for HL-LHC (High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider) conditions. The upgraded CMS Outer Tracker and parts of the new CMS High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will encompass over $50{,}000$ new silicon sensors covering a total area of about $800\,\text{m}^{2}$. The sensor series production requires a dedicated strategy to monitor the quality and stability of the production process. The strategy is based on a test structure set that provides quick and easy access to critical process parameters. These include parameters not directly accessible on the sensors (e.g. oxide charge concentration and interface trap density) and parameters requiring potentially destructive measurements (e.g. dielectric strength). The set is implemented at least twice on each production wafer. It is divided into test structures for initial evaluation of the most relevant process parameters and structures for in-depth analysis. All structures can be contacted using a 20-needle probe card and an automated positioning stage. With this system, the initial analysis of one wafer is possible in about 30 minutes. In this paper, the CMS collaboration presents the quality assurance plan for the Phase-2 Upgrade with a focus on process quality control. We cover sensor process specifics, the layout of the test structure set that will be implemented in the production runs for the CMS Outer Tracker and HGCAL, and measurement results illustrating the functionality of the included test structures.
The readout systems for the ATLAS silicon trackers and liquid argon calorimeters utilize vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes to communicate between on and off detector readout components. A number of these VCSEL devices have failed well before their expected lifetime. We summarize the failure history and present what has been learned thus far about failure mechanisms and the dependence of the lifetime on environmental conditions.
The high flux of charged particles interacting with the CMS Forward Hadron Calorimeter PMT windows introduced a significant background for the trigger and offline data analysis. During Long Shutdown 1, all of the original PMTs were replaced with multi-anode, thin window photomultiplier tubes. At the same time, the back-end electronic readout system was upgraded to μTCA readout. The experience with commissioning and calibration of the Forward Hadron Calorimeter is described as well as the μTCA system. The upgrade was successful and provided quality data for Run 2 data-analysis at 13 TeV.
The upgrade of the DA$Φ$NE machine layout requires a modification of the size and position of the inner focusing quadrupoles of KLOE-2 thus asking for the realization of two new calorimeters covering the quadrupoles area. To improve the reconstruction of $K_L\to 2π^0$ events with photons hitting the quadrupoles a calorimeter with high efficiency to low energy photons (20-300 MeV), time resolution of less than 1 ns and space resolution of few cm, is needed. To match these requirements, we are designing a tile calorimeter, QCALT, where each single tile is readout by mean of SiPM for a total gran…
A radiation-hard quad-channel 12-bit 40 MSPS pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has been designed for the trigger readout electronics Phase-I upgrade of the ATLAS Liquid Argon calorimeter, at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The final version of the custom design, fabricated in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process, is presented and found to meet the system requirements for analog performance and radiation tolerance. The procedure for quality control of 17200 ADCs is described and the results are presented.
The LHC machine is planning an upgrade program, which will smoothly bring the instantaneous luminosity to about $5-7.5\times10^{34}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ in 2028, to possibly reach an integrated luminosity of 3000-4500 fb$^{-1}$ by the end of 2039. This High-Luminosity LHC scenario, HL-LHC, will require a preparation program of the LHC detectors known as Phase-2 upgrade. The current CMS Outer Tracker, already running beyond design specifications, and the recently installed CMS Phase-1 Pixel Detector will not be able to survive the HL-LHC radiation conditions. Thus, CMS will need com…
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the most central region of the ATLAS experiment at LHC. The TileCal readout consists of about 10000 channels. The ATLAS upgrade program is divided in three phases: The Phase~0 occurs during 2013-2014, Phase~1 during 2018-1019 and finally Phase~2, which is foreseen for 2022-2023, whereafter the peak luminosity will reach 5-7 x 10$^{34}$ cm$^2$s$^{-1}$ (HL-LHC). The main TileCal upgrade is focused on the Phase~2 period. The upgrade aims at replacing the majority of the on- and off-detector electronics so that all calorimeter sig…
The ATLAS detector is set to undergo a substantial upgrade termed the "Phase-II" upgrade during the Long-Shutdown in preparation for the start of operation of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This paper describes the development and implementation of the Phase-II upgrade low voltage power supply transformer-coupled buck converter (Brick) test bench. A large scale production of approximately 2048 finger low voltage power supplies, with an identical output voltage, is set to be undertaken in the year 2022. This production will culminate in the complete replacement of the LVPS …
An optical link system is being developed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-II upgrade. The optical link system is responsible for transmit the data of over 182 thousand detector channels from 1524 Front-End Boards (FEBs) through 26 optical fibers per FEB over 150 meters to the counting room and brings clocks, bunch crossing reset signals and slow control/monitoring signals back to the FEBs. The optical link system is based on the Low-Power GigaBit Transceivers (lpGBTs) and the Versatile optical Transceiver (VTRx+) modules, which both are being developed for the High-Luminosity LHC …
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the central hadronic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is scheduled to undergo a major upgrade, in 2022, for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The ATLAS upgrade program for high luminosity is split into three phases: Phase-0 occurred during $2013-2014$ and prepared the LHC for Run 2; Phase-I, foreseen for 2019, will prepare the LHC for Run 3, whereafter the peak luminosity reaches $2-3 \times 10^{34}$ cm$^{2}s^{-1}$; finally, Phase-II, which is foreseen for 2024, will prepare the collider for the HL-LHC operation (…
The ATLAS hadronic Tile Calorimeter will undergo major upgrades to the on- and off-detector electronics in preparation for the High Luminosity program of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) in 2026, so that the system can cope with the HL-LHC increased radiation levels and out-of-time pileup. The on-detector electronics of the upgraded system will continuously digitize and transmit all photo-multiplier signals to the off-detector systems at a 40 MHz rate. The off-detector electronics will store the data in pipeline buffers, produce digital hadronic tower sums for the ATLAS Level-0 trigger syste…
The expected increase of total integrated luminosity by a factor of ten at the HL-LHC compared to the design goals for LHC essentially eliminates the safety factor for radiation hardness realized at the current cold amplifiers of the ATLAS Hadronic Endcap Calorimeter (HEC). New more radiation hard technologies have been studied: SiGe bipolar, Si CMOS FET and GaAs FET transistors have been irradiated with neutrons up to an integrated fluence of 2.2 \cdot 10^{16} n/cm2 and with 200 MeV protons up to an integrated fluence of 2.6 \cdot 10^{14} p/cm2. Comparisons of transistor parameters such as th…
CMS-HF Calorimeters have been undergoing a major upgrade for the last couple of years to alleviate the problems encountered during Run I, especially in the PMT and the readout systems. In this poster, the problems caused by the old PMTs installed in the detectors and their solutions will be explained. Initially, regular PMTs with thicker windows, causing large Cherenkov radiation, were used. Instead of the light coming through the fibers from the detector, stray muons passing through the PMT itself produce Cherenkov radiation in the PMT window, resulting in erroneously large signals. Usually, …
The design of a radiation-hard dual channel 12-bit 40 MS/s pipeline ADC with extended dynamic range is presented, for use in the readout electronics upgrade for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeters at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The design consists of two pipeline A/D channels with four Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converters with nominal 12-bit resolution each. The design, fabricated in the IBM 130 nm CMOS process, shows a performance of 68 dB SNDR at 18 MHz for a single channel at 40 MS/s while consuming 55 mW/channel from a 2.5 V supply, and exhibits no performance degradation after irr…
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is the hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS detector at the LHC. It is a sampling calorimeter consisting of alternating thin steel plates and scintillating tiles. Wavelength shifting fibers coupled to the tiles collect the produced light and are read out by photomultiplier tubes. Currently, an analog sum of the processed signal of several photomultipliers serves as input to the first level of trigger. Photomultiplier signals are then digitized and stored on detector and are only transferred off detector once the first trigger acceptance h…
The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will have a peak luminosity of $5\times10^{34} $cm$^{-2} $\,s$^{-1}$, five times higher than the design luminosity of the LHC. The hadronic ATLAS Tile Calorimeter TileCal) is a sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and plastic scintillators as active medium. The light produced in the scintillating tiles is guided to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), where analogue signals are produced to be shaped and conditioned before being digitized every 25\,ns. TileCal Phase-II Upgrade for the HL-LHC will allow the system can cope with the increased rad…
The expected increase of total integrated luminosity by a factor ten at the HL-LHC compared to the design goals for LHC essentially eliminates the safety factor for radiation hardness realized at the current cold amplifiers of the ATLAS Hadronic End-cap Calorimeter (HEC). New more radiation hard technologies have been studied: SiGe bipolar, Si CMOS FET and GaAs FET transistors have been irradiated with neutrons up to an integrated fluence of 2.2 x 10^{16} n/cm^2 and with 200 MeV protons up to an integrated fluence of 2.6 x 10^{14} p/cm^2. Comparisons of transistor parameters such as the gain f…
ATLAS is making extensive efforts towards preparing a detector upgrade for the high luminosity operations of the LHC (HL-LHC), which will commence operation in about 10 years. The current ATLAS Inner Detector will be replaced by an all-silicon tracker (comprising an inner Pixel tracker and outer Strip tracker). The software currently used for the new silicon tracker is broadly inherited from that used for the LHC Run-1 and Run-2, but many new developments have been made to better fulfill the future detector and operation requirements. One aspect in particular which will be highlighted is the s…
The ATLAS experiment is designed to study the proton-proton collisions produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Liquid argon sampling calorimeters are used for all electromagnetic calorimetry as well as hadronic calorimetry in the endcaps. After installation in 2004--2006, the calorimeters were extensively commissioned over the three--year period prior to first collisions in 2009, using cosmic rays and single LHC beams. Since then, approximately 27 fb$\mathbf{^{-1}}$ of data have been collected at an unprecedented center of mass energy. During all these stages, the calorimeter and …
In preparation for the High Luminosity LHC, the entire tracker detector of the CMS experiment will be exchanged as part of the Phase-2 Upgrade. The new Outer Tracker will comprise approximately 13,000 silicon sensor modules, of which 7608 are "2S modules" consisting of two parallel mounted silicon strip sensors, and 5592 are "PS modules" consisting of one pixel and one strip sensor in a single module. These modules provide tracking information to the Level 1 trigger by correlating the hit information of both sensor layers, allowing discrimination of particle tracks by their transverse momentum…
This paper describes the integration structures for the silicon strips tracker of the ATLAS detector proposed for the Phase-II upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), also referred to as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). In this proposed detector Silicon strip sensors are arranged in highly modular structures, called `staves' and `petals'. This paper presents performance results from the latest prototype stave built at Berkeley. This new, double-sided prototype is composed of a specialized core structure, in which a shield-less bus tape is embedded in between carbon fiber lay-ups. A detailed d…
The ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project is a collaboration of 17 institutes and more than 80 scientists. Their goal is to explore the operation of planar pixel sensors for the tracker upgrade at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). This work will give a summary of the achievements on radiation studies with n-in-n and n-in-p pixel sensors, bump-bonded to ATLAS FE-I3 and FE-I4 readout chips. The summary includes results from tests with radioactive sources and tracking efficiencies extracted from test beam measurements. Analysis results of ${2\cdot10^{16}} \text{n}_{\text{eq}}\te…
The increased particle flux at the high luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), with instantaneous luminosities of up to 7.5 times the original design value, will have an impact on many sub-systems of the ATLAS detector. This contribution highlights the particular impacts on the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter system, together with an overview of the various upgrade plans leading up to the HL-LHC. The higher luminosities are of particular importance for the forward calorimeters (FCal), where the expected increase in the ionization load poses a number of problems that can degrade…
ALICE is the general purpose heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC. Its goal is to investigate the properties of the strongly interacting matter under the extreme conditions of density and temperature reached in Pb{Pb collisions, with the aim to characterize the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). In this scenario, the upgrade of the ALICE inner tracker targets physics topics in which ALICE can bring a unique contribution to the QGP characterization via the heavy avour probes. We present an overview of the inner tracker upgrade and the expected physics performance for heavy avour measurements.
This work presents a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) prototype manufactured in the LFoundry 150 nm CMOS process. The described device, named LF-Monopix, was designed as a proof of concept of a fully monolithic sensor capable of operating in the environment of outer layers of the ATLAS Inner Tracker upgrade for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Implementing such a device in the detector module will result in a lower production cost and lower material budget compared to the presently used hybrid designs. In this paper the chip architecture will be described foll…
The electromagnetic ealorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector has played an important role in the physics program of the experiment, delivering outstanding performance throughout data taking. The High-Luminosity LHC will pose new challenges. The four to five-fold increase of the number of interactions per bunch crossing will require superior time resolution and noise rejection capabilities. For these reasons the electronics readout has been completely redesigned. A dual gain trans-impedance amplifier and an ASIC providing two 160 MHz ADC channels, gain selection, and data compression will be used…
Radiation-tolerant, high speed, high density and low power commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are planned to be used in the upgrade to the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter front end (FE) trigger readout electronics. Total ionization dose (TID) and single event effect (SEE) are two important radiation effects which need to be characterized on COTS ADCs. In our initial TID test, Texas Instruments (TI) ADS5272 was identified to be the top performer after screening a total 17 COTS ADCs from different manufacturers with dynamic range and sampling rate meeting the requ…
The CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger is being upgraded in two stages to maintain performance as the LHC increases pile-up and instantaneous luminosity in its second run. In the first stage, improved algorithms including event-by-event pile-up corrections are used. New algorithms for heavy ion running have also been developed. In the second stage, higher granularity inputs and a time-multiplexed approach allow for improved position and energy resolution. Data processing in both stages of the upgrade is performed with new, Xilinx Virtex-7 based AMC cards.
The understanding of the reconstruction and calibration of electrons and photons is one of the key steps at the start-up of data-taking with ATLAS at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The calorimeter cells are electronically calibrated before being clustered. Corrections to local position and energy measurements are applied to take into account the calorimeter geometry. Finally, longitudinal weights are applied to correct for energy loss upstream of the calorimeter. As a last step the Z -> ee events will be used for in-situ calibration using the Z boson mass. The electron identification is base…
The CMS Collaboration is preparing to build replacement endcap calorimeters for the HL-LHC era. The new high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) is, as the name implies, a highly-granular sampling calorimeter with approximately six million silicon sensor channels (approx. 1.1cm2 or 0.5cm2 cells) and about 250 thousand channels of scintillator tiles readout with on-tile silicon photomultipliers. The calorimeter is designed to operate in the harsh radiation environment at the HL-LHC, where the average number of interactions per bunch crossing is expected to exceed 140. Besides measuring energy and p…
During the high-luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC), planned to start around 2027, the accelerator is expected to deliver an instantaneous peak luminosity of up to $7.5\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. A total integrated luminosity of $3000$ or even $4000$~fb$^{-1}$ is foreseen to be delivered to the general purpose detectors ATLAS and CMS over a decade, thereby increasing the discovery potential of the LHC experiments significantly. The CMS detector will undergo a major upgrade for the HL-LHC, with entirely new tracking detectors consisting of an Outer Tracker and Inner Tracker. However, the…
The Tile PreProcessor (TilePPr) is the core element of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) off-detector electronics for High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The TilePPr comprises FPGA-based boards to operate and read out the TileCal on-detector electronics. The Tile Computer on Module (TileCoM) mezzanine is embedded within TilePPr to carry out three main functionalities. These include remote configuration of on-detector electronics and TilePPr FPGAs, interface the TilePPr with the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system, and interfacing the TilePPr with the ATLAS Detector Contro…
The next upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is planned from 2026 when the collider will move to its High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC). The CMS detector needs to be substantially upgraded during this period to exploit the fourfold increase in luminosity provided by the HL-LHC. This upgrade is referred to as the CMS Phase-2 Upgrade. A program of laboratory and beam test measurements, and performance studies based on the detailed simulation of the detector was carried out to support the decision of the technology of the sensors to be adopted in the different regions of the detector for the P…
ATLAS LAr calorimeter will perform its Phase-I upgrade during the long shut down (LS2) in 2018, a new LAr Trigger Digitizer Board (LTDB) will be designed and installed. Several commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) multichannel high-speed ADCs have been selected as possible backups of the radiation tolerant ADC ASICs for LTDB. In order to evaluate the radiation tolerance of these back up commercial ADCs, we developed an ADC radiation tolerance characterization system, which includes the ADC boards, data acquisition (DAQ) board, signal generator, external power supplies and a host computer. The ADC b…
A Liquid-argon Trigger Digitizer Board (LTDB) is being developed to upgrade the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-I trigger electronics. The LTDB located at the front end needs to obtain the clock signals and be configured and monitored remotely from the back end. A clock and control system is being developed for the LTDB and the major functions of the system have been evaluated. The design and evaluation of the clock and control system are presented in this paper.
National Research University Higher School of Economics（国家研究型高等经济大学）；The Yandex School of Data Analysis（Yandex数据分析学院）
In this paper, we discuss the way advanced machine learning techniques allow physicists to perform in-depth studies of the realistic operating modes of the detectors during the stage of their design. Proposed approach can be applied to both design concept (CDR) and technical design (TDR) phases of future detectors and existing detectors if upgraded. The machine learning approaches may speed up the verification of the possible detector configurations and will automate the entire detector R\&D, which is often accompanied by a large number of scattered studies. We present the approach of using ma…
We have been developing a serializer application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) based on a commercial 0.25-μm silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) CMOS technology for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter front-end electronics upgrade. The first prototype, a 5 Gbps 16:1 serializer has been designed, fabricated, and tested in lab environment and in a 200 MeV proton beam. The test results indicate that the first prototype meets the design goals. The second prototype, a double-lane, 8 Gbps per lane serializer is under development. The post-layout simulation indicates that 8 Gbps is achievable. In this pape…
In this paper, we present the design and test results of LOCx2, a transmitter ASIC for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter trigger upgrade. LOCx2 consists of two channels and each channel encodes ADC data with an overhead of 14.3% and transmits serial data at 5.12 Gbps with a latency of less than 27.2 ns. LOCx2 is fabricated with a commercial 0.25-um Silicon-on-Sapphire CMOS technology and is packaged in a 100-pin QFN package. The power consumption of LOCx2 is about 843 mW.
Silicon detectors based on the HV-CMOS technology are being investigated as possible candidate for the outer layers of the ATLAS pixel detector for the High Luminosity LHC. In this framework the H35Demo ASIC has been produced in the 350 nm AMS technology (H35). The H35Demo chip has a large area ($18.49 \times 24.40 \, \mathrm{mm^2}$) and includes four different pixel matrices and three test structures. In this paper the radiation hardness properties, in particular the evolution of the depletion region with fluence is studied using edge-TCT on test structures. Measurements on the test structure…
Two optical data link data transmission Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), the baseline and its backup, have been designed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) Calorimeter Phase-I trigger upgrade. The latency of each ASIC and that of its corresponding receiver implemented in a back-end Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) are critical specifications. In this paper, we present the latency measurements and simulation of two ASICs. The measurement results indicate that both ASICs achieve their design goals and meet the latency specifications. The consistency between the simulation and …
The Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) is a sampling hadronic calorimeter covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment. TileCal uses steel as absorber and plastic scintillators as active medium. The scintillators are read-out by the wavelength shifting fibres coupled to the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The analogue signals from the PMTs are amplified, shaped, digitized by sampling the signal every 25 ns and stored on detector until a trigger decision is received. The TileCal front-end electronics reads out the signals produced by about 10000 channels measuring energies ranging from about 30 Me…
The anticipated performance of calorimeter crystals in the environment expected after the planned High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN has to be well understood, before informed decisions can be made on the need for detector upgrades. Throughout the years of running at the HL-LHC, the detectors will be exposed to considerable fluences of fast hadrons, that have been shown to cause cumulative transparency losses in Lead Tungstate scintillating crystals. In this study, we present direct evidence of the main underlying damage mechanism. Results are shown from a te…
A serializer ASIC and a VCSEL driver ASIC are needed for the front-end optical data transmission in the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter readout phase-I upgrade. The baseline ASICs are the serializer LOCx2 and the VCSEL driver LOCld, designed in a 0.25-μm Silicon-on-Sapphire (SoS) CMOS technology and consumed 843 mW and 320 mW, respectively. Based on a 130-nm CMOS technology, we design two pin-to-pin-compatible backup ASICs, LOCx2-130 and LOCld-130. Their power consumptions are much lower then of their counterparts, whereas other performance, such as the latency, data rate, and radiation toleran…
Quality control and quality assurance evaluation of ALFE2, a large-dynamic-range front-end ASIC de-veloped for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter high-luminosity LHC upgrade
Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室物理系）；Instrumentation Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室仪器部）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文系）；IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3（巴黎萨克雷大学IJCLab，CNRS/IN2P3）；ESAT-ADVISE, KU Leuven（荷语鲁汶大学ESAT-ADVISE）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）
Calorimeter-assisted track finding algorithm takes advantage of the finely segmented electromagnetic calorimeter proposed for the SiD detector concept by looking for "MIP stubs" produced by charged particles in the calorimeter, and using them as seeds for pattern recognition in the tracker. The algorithm allows for efficient reconstruction of tracks that cannot be found using seeds provided by the vertex detector, even if standalone pattern recognition in the outer tracker is difficult. The algorithm has been implemented as a package in the org.lcsim framework. Current status of the package an…
A prototype optical-link board has been developed for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Phase-2 upgrade. The board consists of 24 lpGBT chips and 8 VTRx+ modules and demonstrates the full optical link design of the future front-end board. The board has 22 simplex optical links to transmit detector data, which are emulated in FPGAs and injected through 6 FMC connectors, to the off-detector electronics. The board implements 2 duplex optical links for clocks, control, and monitoring with redundant design to improve the system reliability. Data transmission and all redundant designs have been ver…
We briefly present the eXtremely Fast Tracker stereo track upgrade for the CDF Level 2 trigger system. This upgrade enabled full 3D track reconstruction at Level 2 of the 3-Level CDF online triggering system. Using information provided by the stereo layers of the Central Outer Tracker, we can decrease the trigger rate due to fake tracks by requiring the tracks to be consistent with a single vertex in all three dimensions but also by using the track information to "point" to the various detector components. We will also discuss the effectiveness of the Level 2 stereo track algorithm at achievin…
This thesis presents the work carried out in the testing of the ATLAS Phase-II Upgrade electronic systems in the future strips tracker after 2023, to be installed for operations in the HL-LHC period. The high luminosity and number of interactions per crossing that will happen after the HL-LHC starts require a complete replacement of the ATLAS tracker. The systems that have been defined for the Phase-II Upgrade will be designed to cope with that increased radiation and have the right granularity to maintain the performance with higher pile-up. In this thesis I present results on single modules …
The potential application of advanced digital communication schemes in a future upgrade of the CMS Tracker readout optical links is currently being investigated at CERN. We show experimentally that multi-Gbit/s data rates are possible over the current 40 MSamples/s analog optical links by employing techniques similar to those used in ADSL. The concept involves using one or more digitally-modulated sinusoidal carriers in order to make efficient use of the available bandwidth.
Triple-GEM detectors for the GE2/1 and ME0 stations of the endcap muon system for the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS Experiment have been operated in a test beam to measure their efficiency and spatial resolution, together with a high spatial resolution triple- GEM tracker. A production module of GE2/1 detectors and a prototype ME0 detector show excellent local efficiency. A prototype detector with GEM foils employing random hole sectorization showed significant reduction of dead areas. The spatial resolution of the tracker has been measured and found close to the expected value of 75 μm.
The recent R&D focus on CMOS sensors with charge collection in a depleted zone has opened new perspectives for CMOS sensors as fast and radiation hard pixel devices. These sensors, labelled as depleted CMOS sensors (DMAPS), have already shown promising performance as feasible candidates for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade, possibly replacing the current passive sensors. A further step to exploit the potential of DMAPS is to investigate the suitability of equipping the outer layers of the ATLAS ITk upgrade with fully monolithic CMOS sensors. This paper presents the development of a deplet…
The ATLAS experiment will undergo a major upgrade of the tracker system in view of the high luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) to start operation in 2026. The most severe challenges are to be faced by the innermost layers of the pixel detector which will have to withstand a radiation fluence of up to $1.4\times10^{16}\,$n$_\text{eq}$/cm$^{2}$. Thin planar pixel modules are promising candidates to instrument these layers, thanks to the small material budget and their high charge collection efficiency after irradiation. Sensors of $100-200\,μ$m thickness, interconnected to FE-I4 read-out chips…
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will undergo major upgrades to increase the instantaneous luminosity up to 5-7.5$\times10^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. This High Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) will deliver a total of 3000-4000 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13-14 TeV. To cope with these challenging environmental conditions, the strip tracker of the CMS experiment will be upgraded using modules with two closely-spaced silicon sensors to provide information to include tracking in the Level-1 trigger selection. This paper describes the performance, …
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavor violating process of neutrino-less $μ\to e$ coherent conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus. Mu2e will reach a single event sensitivity of about $2.5\cdot 10^{-17}$ that corresponds to four orders of magnitude improvements with respect to the current best limit. The detector system consists of a straw tube tracker and a crystal calorimeter made of undoped CsI coupled with Silicon Photomultipliers. The calorimeter was designed to be operable in a harsh environment where about 10 krad/year will be delivered in the …
