We consider the long-term dynamics of nonlinear dispersive waves in a finite periodic domain. The purpose of the work is to show that the statistical properties of the wave field rely critically on the structure of the discrete resonant manifold (DRM). To demonstrate this, we simulate the two-dimensional MMT equation on rational and irrational tori, resulting in remarkably different power-law spectra and energy cascades at low nonlinearity levels. The difference is explained in terms of different structures of the DRM, which makes use of recent number theory results.
Nonlinear triadic interactions are at the heart of our understanding of turbulence. In flows where waves are present modes must not only be in a triad to interact, but their frequencies must also satisfy an extra condition: the interactions that dominate the energy transfer are expected to be resonant. We derive equations that allow direct measurement of the actual degree of resonance of each triad in a turbulent flow. We then apply the method to the case of rotating turbulence, where eddies coexist with inertial waves. We show that for a range of wave numbers, resonant and near-resonant triad…
A robust energy transfer mechanism is found in nonlinear wave systems, which favours transfers towards modes interacting via non-resonant triads, applicable in meteorology, nonlinear optics and plasma wave turbulence. Transfer efficiency is maximal when the frequency mismatch of the non-resonant triad balances the system's nonlinear frequency: at intermediate levels of oscillation amplitudes an instability is triggered that explores unstable manifolds of periodic orbits, so turbulent cascades are most efficient at intermediate nonlinearity. Numerical simulations confirm analytical predictions.
A discussion on Li et al. (2019) [Numerical computations of resonant sloshing using the modified isoAdvector method and the buoyancy-modified turbulence closure model. Appl. Ocean Res. 93, article no. 101829, DOI:10.1016.j.apor.2019.05.014] is provided. Some mis-characterizations regarding the work of Larsen and Fuhrman (2018) [On the over-production of turbulence beneath surface waves using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models. J. Fluid Mech. 853, 419-460, DOI:10.1017/jfm.2018.577], on stabilizing two-equation turbulence closures beneath surface waves, are clarified.
We report on direct numerical simulation of quasi-one-dimensional bidirectional capillary-wave turbulence. Although nontrivial three-wave and four-wave resonant interactions are absent in this peculiar geometry, we show that an energy transfer between scales still occurs concentrated around the linear dispersion relation that is broadened by nonlinearity. The wave spectrum displays a clear wave number power-law scaling that is found to be in good agreement with the dimensionally prediction for capillary-wave turbulence involving four-wave interactions. The carried out high-order correlation an…
The nonlinear dynamics of waves at the sea surface is believed to be ruled by the Weak Turbulence framework. In order to investigate the nonlinear coupling among gravity surface waves, we developed an experiment in the Coriolis facility which is a 13-m diameter circular tank. An isotropic and statistically stationary wave turbulence of average steepness of 10\% is maintained by two wedge wave makers. The space and time resolved wave elevation is measured using a stereoscopic technique. Wave-wave interactions are analyzed through third and fourth order correlations. We investigate specifically …
In this final note we demonstrate that the authors of manuscripts arXiv:1210.2036, arXiv:1309.0405 and arXiv:1309.5513 use mathematical notations and notions sometimes in the standard meaning and sometimes in a sense which differs from the standard. As this specific use is not defined beforehand, the authors' statements are self-contradictory which makes any further scientific discussion meaningless.
Bounding volume results in discreteness of eigenmodes in wave systems. This leads to a depletion or complete loss of wave resonances (three-wave, four-wave, etc.), which has a strong effect on Wave Turbulence, (WT) i.e. on the statistical behavior of broadband sets of weakly nonlinear waves. This paper describes three different regimes of WT realizable for different levels of the wave excitations: Discrete, mesoscopic and kinetic WT. Discrete WT comprises chaotic dynamics of interacting wave "clusters" consisting of discrete (often finite) number of connected resonant wave triads (or quarters)…
Wave turbulence in quasi-1D geometry is usually not investigated experimentally since low-order resonant wave interactions are theoretically prohibited. Here, we report on the first observation of unidirectional capillary-wave turbulence on the surface of a fluid in a canal. We also show that five-wave interactions are the lowest-order resonant process subsisting at small scales, and are thus probably the one generating such quasi-1D capillary wave turbulence. We show that the wave spectrum is compatible with the corresponding dimensional analysis prediction. The main assumptions of weak turbu…
The purpose of this note is to remove the confusion about counting of resonant wave triads for Rossby and drift waves in the context of the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation. In particular, we aim to point out a major error of over-counting of triads in the paper "Discrete exact and quasi-resonances of Rossby/drift waves on beta-plane with periodic boundary conditions", by Kartashov and Kartashova, arXiv:1307.8272v1 [physics.flu-dyn] (2013).
The purpose of our earlier note (arXiv:1309.0405 [physics.flu-dyn]) was to remove the confusion over counting of resonant wave triads for Rossby and drift waves in the context of the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation. A comment by Kartashov and Kartashova (arXiv:1309.0992v1 [physics.flu-dyn]) on that note has further confused the situation. The present note aims to remove this obfuscation.
The main purpose of this note is clarify the following misunderstanding apparent in the note arXiv:1309.0405 by M. Bustamante, U. Hayat, P. Lynch, B. Quinn; [1]: the authors erroneously assume that in the manuscript arXiv:1307.8272 by A. Kartashov and E. Kartashova, [2], resonant triads with real amplitudes are counted whereas it can be seen explicitly from the form of dynamical system that wave amplitudes are complex.
A model of laminated wave turbulence is presented. This model consists of two co-existing layers - one with continuous waves' spectra, covered by KAM theory and Kolmogorov-like power spectra, and one with discrete waves' spectra, covered by discrete classes of waves and Clipping method. Some known laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are explained in the frame of this model.
In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of the turbulent saturation of the flow driven by parametric resonance of inertial waves in a rotating fluid. In our set-up, a half-meter wide ellipsoid filled with water is brought to solid body rotation, and then undergoes sustained harmonic modulation of its rotation rate. This triggers the exponential growth of a pair of inertial waves via a mechanism called the libration-driven elliptical instability. Once the saturation of this instability is reached, we observe a turbulent state for which energy is injected into the resonant inerti…
In this Letter we present discrete wave turbulence (DWT) as a counterpart of classical statistical wave turbulence (SWT). DWT is characterized by resonance clustering, not by the size of clusters, i.e. it includes, but is not reduced to, the study of low-dimensional systems. Clusters with integrable and chaotic dynamics co-exist in different sub-spaces of the $\mathbf{k}$-space. NR-diagrams are introduced, a handy graphical presentation of an arbitrary resonance cluster allowing to reconstruct uniquely dynamical system describing the cluster. DWT is shown to be a novel research field in nonlin…
We study numerically the region of convergence of the normal form transformation for the case of the Charney-Hasagawa-Mima (CHM) equation to investigate whether certain finite amplitude effects can be described in normal coordinates. We do this by taking a Galerkin truncation of four Fourier modes making part of two triads: one resonant and one non-resonant, joined together by two common modes. We calculate the normal form transformation directly from the equations of motion of our reduced model, successively applying the algorithm to calculate the transformation up to $7^\textrm{th}$ order to…
We report the quantitative experimental observation of the weak inertial-wave turbulence regime of rotating turbulence. We produce a statistically steady homogeneous turbulent flow that consists of nonlinearly interacting inertial waves, using rough top and bottom boundaries to prevent the emergence of a geostrophic flow. As the forcing amplitude increases, the temporal spectrum evolves from a discrete set of peaks to a continuous spectrum. Maps of the bicoherence of the velocity field confirm such a gradual transition between discrete wave interactions at weak forcing amplitude, and the regim…
We investigate experimentally turbulence of surface gravity waves in the Coriolis facility in Grenoble by using both high sensitivity local probes and a time and space resolved stereoscopic reconstruction of the water surface. We show that the water deformation is made of the superposition of weakly nonlinear waves following the linear dispersion relation and of bound waves resulting from non resonant triadic interaction. Although the theory predicts a 4-wave resonant coupling supporting the presence of an inverse cascade of wave action, we do not observe such inverse cascade. We investigate 4…
The statistical properties of a large number of weakly nonlinear waves can be described in the framework of the Weak Turbulence Theory. The theory is based on the hypothesis of an asymptotically large system. In experiments, the systems have a finite size and the predictions of the theory may not apply because of the presence of discrete modes rather than a continuum of free waves. Our study focusses on the case of waves at the surface of water at scales close to the gravity-capillarity crossover (of order 1~cm). Wave turbulence has peculiar properties in this regime because 1D resonant intera…
We present experimental evidence and theoretical arguments showing that the time-evolution of freely decaying 2-d turbulence is governed by a {\it discrete} time scale invariance rather than a continuous time scale invariance. Physically, this reflects that the time-evolution of the merging of vortices is not smooth but punctuated, leading to a prefered scale factor and as a consequence to log-periodic oscillations. From a thorough analysis of freely decaying 2-d turbulence experiments, we show that the number of vortices, their radius and separation display log-periodic oscillations as a func…
Kraichnan seminal ideas on inverse cascades yielded new tools to study common phenomena in geophysical turbulent flows. In the atmosphere and the oceans, rotation and stratification result in a flow that can be approximated as two-dimensional at very large scales, but which requires considering three-dimensional effects to fully describe turbulent transport processes and non-linear phenomena. Motions can thus be classified into two classes: fast modes consisting of inertia-gravity waves, and slow quasi-geostrophic modes for which the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure gradients are close t…
We report on laboratory experiments of wave-driven rotating turbulence. A set of wavemakers produces inertial-wave beams that interact nonlinearly in the central region of a water tank mounted on a rotating platform. The forcing thus injects energy into inertial waves only. For moderate forcing amplitude, part of the energy of the forced inertial waves is transferred to subharmonic waves, through a standard triadic resonance instability. This first step is broadly in line with the theory of weak turbulence. Surprisingly however, stronger forcing does not lead to an inertial-wave turbulence reg…
We report results on the explicit parameterisation of discrete Rossby-wave resonant triads of the Charney-Hasegawa-Mima equation in the small-scale limit (i.e. large Rossby deformation radius), following up from our previous solution in terms of elliptic curves (Bustamante and Hayat, 2013). We find an explicit parameterisation of the discrete resonant wavevectors in terms of two rational variables. We show that these new variables are restricted to a bounded region and find this region explicitly. We argue that this can be used to reduce the complexity of a direct numerical search for discrete…
In the study of weakly turbulent wave systems possessing incomplete self-similarity it is possible to use dimensional arguments to derive the scaling exponents of the Kolmogorov-Zakharov spectra, provided the order of the resonant wave interactions responsible for nonlinear energy transfer is known. Furthermore one can easily derive conditions for the breakdown of the weak turbulence approximation. It is found that for incompletely self-similar systems dominated by three wave interactions, the weak turbulence approximation usually cannot break down at small scales. It follows that such systems…
Transport-barrier relaxation oscillations in the presence of resonant magnetic perturbations are investigated using three-dimensional global fluid turbulence simulations from first principles at the edge of a tokamak. It is shown that resonant magnetic perturbations have a stabilizing effect on these relaxation oscillations and that this effect is due mainly to a modification of the pressure profile linked to the presence of both residual residual magnetic island chains and a stochastic layer.
By taking advantage of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), we explore the existence of discrete wave cascades on fluid interfaces excited upon monochromatic excitation. We study viscous liquids of variable capillarity spanning a broad range of frictional stresses. The existence of an inertial regime of weak surface wave turbulence (weak-SWT) has been pointed out as a cascade of discrete modes with amplitudes compatible with universal Kolmogorov`s scaling. The transit from weak to strong surface turbulence has been explored with this tool revealing the importance of inertia over surface forces to …
In present study, we discuss results of applicability of discrete filters for large eddy simulation (LES) method of forced compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulent flows with the scale-similarity model. Influences and effects of discrete filter shapes on the scale-similarity model are examined in physical space using a finite-difference numerical schemes. We restrict ourselves to the Gaussian filter and the top-hat filter. Representations of this subgrid-scale model which correspond to various 3- and 5-point approximations of both Gaussian and top-hat filters for different values of pa…
The wave turbulence equation is an effective kinetic equation that describes the dynamics of wave spectrum in weakly nonlinear and dispersive media. Such a kinetic model has been derived by physicists in the sixties, though the well-posedness theory remains open, due to the complexity of resonant interaction kernels. In this paper, we provide a global unique radial strong solution, the first such a result, to the wave turbulence equation for capillary waves.
We present a systematic derivation of a model based on the central moment lattice Boltzmann equation that rigorously maintains Galilean invariance of forces to simulate inertial frame independent flow fields. In this regard, the central moments, i.e. moments shifted by the local fluid velocity, of the discrete source terms of the lattice Boltzmann equation are obtained by matching those of the continuous full Boltzmann equation of various orders. This results in an exact hierarchical identity between the central moments of the source terms of a given order and the components of the central mom…
In elastic-wave turbulence, strong turbulence appears in small wave numbers while weak turbulence does in large wave numbers. Energy transfers in the coexistence of these turbulent states are numerically investigated in both of the Fourier space and the real space. An analytical expression of a detailed energy balance reveals from which mode to which mode energy is transferred in the triad interaction. Stretching energy excited by external force is transferred nonlocally and intermittently to large wave numbers as the kinetic energy in the strong turbulence. In the weak turbulence, the resonan…
We report a laboratory investigation of weak turbulence of water surface waves in the gravity-capillary crossover. By using time-space resolved profilometry and a bicoherence analysis, we observe that the nonlinear processes involve 3-wave resonant interactions. By studying the solutions of the resonance conditions we show that the nonlinear interaction is dominantly 1D and involves collinear wave vectors. Furthermore taking into account the spectral widening due to weak nonlinearity explains that nonlocal interactions are possible between a gravity wave and high frequency capillary ones. We o…
In this paper, computations of transient, incompressible, turbulent, plane jets using the discrete lattice BGK Boltzmann equation are reported. A priori derivation of the discrete lattice BGK Boltzmann equation with a spatially and temporally dependent relaxation time parameter, which is used to represent the averaged flow field, from its corresponding continuous form is given. The averaged behavior of the turbulence field is represented by the standard {\it k-$ε$} turbulence model and computed using a finite-volume scheme on non-uniform grids. Computed results are compared with analytical sol…
We construct a discrete shell-model for two-dimensional turbulence that takes into account local and nonlocal interactions between velocity modes in Fourier space. In real space, its continuous limit is described by the one-dimensional Burgers equation. We find a novel approximate scaling solution of such an equation and show that it well describes the main characteristics of the energy spectrum in fully developed, freely decaying two-dimensional turbulence.
We report experimental results on nonlinear wave coupling in surface wave turbulence on water at scales close to the crossover between surface gravity waves and capillary waves. We study 3-wave correlations either in the frequency domain or in wavevector domain. We observe that in a weakly nonlinear regime, the dominant nonlinear interactions correspond to waves that are collinear or close to collinear. Although the resonant coupling of pure gravity waves is supposed to involve 4 waves, at the capillary crossover we observe a nonlocal coupling between a gravity wave and 2 capillary waves. Furt…
We analyze analytically and numerically the scale invariant stationary solution to the internal wave kinetic equation. Our analysis of the resonant energy transfers shows that the leading order contributions are given (i) by triads with extreme scale separation and (ii) by triads of waves that are quasi-colinear in the horizontal plane. The contributions from other types of triads is found to be subleading. We use the modified scale invariant limit of the Garrett and Munk spectrum of internal waves to calculate the magnitude of the energy flux towards high wave numbers in both the vertical and…
We study a one-dimensional discrete analog of the von Karman flow, widely investigated in turbulence. A lattice of anharmonic oscillators is excited by both ends in order to create a large scale structure in a highly nonlinear medium, in the presence of a dissipative term similar to the viscous term in a fluid. This system shows a striking similarity with a turbulent flow both at local and global scales. The properties of the nonlinear excitations of the lattice provide a partial understanding of this behavior.
We report experiments on gravity-capillary wave turbulence on the surface of a fluid. The wave amplitudes are measured simultaneously in time and space using an optical method. The full space-time power spectrum shows that the wave energy is localized on several branches in the wave-vector-frequency space. The number of branches depend on the power injected within the waves. The measurement of the nonlinear dispersion relation is found to be well described by a law suggesting that the energy transfer mechanisms involved in wave turbulence are not only restricted to purely resonant interaction …
Zonal jets and non-zonal large-scale flows are often present in forced-dissipative barotropic turbulence on a beta-plane. The dynamics underlying the formation of both zonal and non-zonal coherent structures is investigated in this work within the statistical framework of Stochastic Structural Stability Theory (S3T). Previous S3T studies have shown that the homogeneous turbulent state undergoes a bifurcation at a critical parameter and becomes inhomogeneous with the emergence of zonal and/or large-scale non-zonal flows and that these statistical predictions of S3T are reflected in direct numer…
The results of experimental and theoretical studies of the parametric decay instability of capillary waves on the surface of superfluid helium He-II are reported. It is demonstrated that in a system of turbulent capillary waves low-frequency waves are generated along with the direct Kolmogorov-Zakharov cascade of capillary turbulence. The effects of low-frequency damping and the discreteness of the wave spectrum are discussed.
We consider the set of Diophantine equations that arise in the context of the barotropic vorticity equation on periodic domains, when nonlinear wave interactions are studied to leading order in the amplitudes. The solutions to this set of Diophantine equations are of interest in atmosphere (Rossby waves) and Tokamak plasmas (drift waves), because they provide the values of the spectral wavevectors that interact resonantly via three-wave interactions. These come in "triads", i.e., groups of three wavevectors. We provide the full solution to the Diophantine equations in the case of infinite Ross…
