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arXiv 2003.08812astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP
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M型矮星风的全球趋势

Global trends in winds of M dwarf stars

Amanda Mesquita, Aline Vidotto

摘要:

M矮星是目前寻找潜在宜居行星的主要目标。然而,它们的风被认为对行星大气有害。在这里,为了更好地了解M矮星的风并推断其物理性质,我们对因阿尔文波耗散而加热的M矮星的风进行了一维磁流体动力学参数研究。这些波是由地表下的对流运动触发的,并沿着磁场线传播。在这里,我们改变风底(色球)的磁场强度和密度,同时保持相同的相对波幅($0.1 B_0$)和耗散lengtscale。我们发现,我们的风很快达到等温温度与质量损失率成正比的基础密度平方。我们比较我们的结果与帕克风模型,并发现,在高β制度,两种模式都同意。然而,在低β状态下,帕克风低估了终极速度约一个数量级和质量损失率几个数量级。我们还发现M矮星的色球可以延伸到恒星半径的18%到180%。我们将我们的模型应用于行星宿主恒星GJ 436,并从X射线观测约束中找到了$\dot{M}<7.6\times 10^{-15}\,M_{\odot}~\text{yr}^{-1}$。这与GJ 436 b的莱曼-α凌日的数值一致,表明光谱行星凌日可以作为研究恒星风性质的一种方法。

英文摘要:

M dwarf stars are currently the main targets in searches for potentially habitable planets. However, their winds have been suggested to be harmful to planetary atmospheres. Here, in order to better understand the winds of M dwarfs and also infer their physical properties, we perform a one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic parametric study of winds of M dwarfs that are heated by dissipation of Alfvén waves. These waves are triggered by sub-surface convective motions and propagate along magnetic field lines. Here, we vary the magnetic field strength and density at the wind base (chromosphere), while keeping the same relative wave amplitude ($0.1 B_0$) and dissipation lenghtscale. We find that our winds very quickly reach isothermal temperatures with mass-loss rates proportional to base density square. We compare our results with Parker wind models and find that, in the high-beta regime, both models agree. However, in the low-beta regime, the Parker wind underestimates the terminal velocity by around one order of magnitude and mass-loss rate by several orders of magnitude. We also find that M dwarfs could have chromospheres extending to 18% to 180% of the stellar radius. We apply our model to the planet-hosting star GJ 436 and find, from X-ray observational constraints, $\dot{M}<7.6\times 10^{-15}\,M_{\odot}~\text{yr}^{-1}$. This is in agreement with values derived from the Lyman-alpha transit of GJ 436b, indicating that spectroscopic planetary transits could be used as a way to study stellar wind properties.

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