A plane symmetric Bianchi-I model is explored in $f(R,T)$ gravity, where $R$ is the Ricci scalar and $T$ is the trace of energy-momentum tensor. The solutions are obtained with the consideration of a specific Hubble parameter which yields a constant deceleration parameter. The various evolutionary phases are identified under the constraints obtained for physically viable cosmological scenarios. Although a single (primary) matter source is taken, due to the coupling between matter and $f(R,T)$ gravity, an additional matter source appears, which mimics a perfect fluid or exotic matter. The solutions are also extended to the case of a scalar field model. The kinematical behavior of the model remains independent of $f(R,T)$ gravity. The physical behavior of the effective matter also remains the same as in general relativity. It is found that $f(R,T)$ gravity can be a good alternative to the hypothetical candidates of dark energy to describe the present accelerating expansion of the universe.
Different versions of consistent canonical realizations of hypersurface deformations of spherically symmetric space-times have been derived in models of loop quantum gravity, modifying the classical dynamics and sometimes also the structure of space-time. Based on a canonical version of effective field theory, this paper provides a unified treatment, showing that modified space-time structures are generic in this setting. The special case of Euclidean gravity demonstrates agreement also with existing operator calculations.
Finding spherically symmetric exact solutions in modified gravity is usually a difficult task. In this paper we use the Noether's symmetry approach for a modified Teleparallel theory of gravity labelled as $f(T,B)$ gravity where $T$ is the scalar torsion and $B$ the boundary term. Using the Noether's theorem, we were able to find exact spherically symmetric solutions for different forms of the function $f(T,B)$ coming from the Noether's symmetries.
We study a four-dimensional gauge theory of the Poincaré group with topological action which generalizes some well-known two-dimensional gravity models. We classify the spherically symmetric solutions and discuss the perturbative propagation of excitations around flat spacetime.
The modified theories of gravity, especially the $f(R)$ gravity, have attracted much attention in the last decade. This paper is devoted to exploring plane symmetric solutions in the context of metric $f(R)$ gravity. We extend the work on static plane symmetric vacuum solutions in $f(R)$ gravity already available in literature [1, 2]. The modified field equations are solved using the assumption of both constant and non-constant scalar curvature. Some well known solutions have been recovered with power law and logarithmic forms of $f(R)$ models.
The possibility of spherically symmetric solutions in bi-metric theory of gravity is examined. It is shown that two possible black hole type solutions exists in the model. Spherically symmetric solution of general theory of relativity is recovered in the absence of the second metric. The result is compared with other bi-metric models as well as general theory of relativity.
We present an exact stationary {\it axially symmetric} vacuum solution of metric-affine gravity (MAG) which generalises the recently reported spherically symmetric solution. Besides the metric, it carries nonmetricity and torsion as post-Riemannian geometrical structures. The parameters of the solution are interpreted as mass and angular momentum and as dilation, shear and spin charges.
We search for spherically symmetric solutions of f(R) theories of gravity via the Noether Symmetry Approach. A general formalism in the metric framework is developed considering a point-like f(R)-Lagrangian where spherical symmetry is required. Examples of exact solutions are given.
In a recent paper, we discussed the formation of black holes in non-symmetric gravity. That paper was then criticized by Cornish and Moffat. In the present paper, we address the arguments raised by Cornish and Moffat. In summary, we do not see any reason to doubt the validity of our former conclusions.
In order to discuss the well-posed initial value formulation of the teleparallel gravity and apply it to numerical relativity a symmetric hyperbolic system in the self-dual teleparallel gravity which is equivalent to the Ashtekar formulation is posed. This system is different from the ones in other works by that the reality condition of the spatial metric is included in the symmetric hyperbolicity and then is no longer an independent condition. In addition the constraint equations of this system are rather simpler than the ones in other works.
We consider modified $f(R)$ gravity with a kinetic curvature scalar as a chiral self-gravitating model in a spherically symmetric spacetime. Most attention devoted to finding solutions for special case of scaling transformation when modified gravity transforms to Einstein frame from Jordan one. We proposed the method of determination of kinetic function for given scalar field dependence on space coordinate. New classes of solutions are found for special choice of $f(R)$ function.
In this paper we analyze spherically symmetric static vacuum solutions with various topologies in mimetic gravity. When the Einstein's tensor is different from zero, a new class of solutions different from the Schwarzschild one emerges from the theory. We analyze the feature of the new solutions and we study the planar motion for the spherical case.
In this paper, the exact vacuum solution of a general plane symmetric spacetime is investigated in metric f(R) gravity with the assumption of constant Ricci scalar. For this solution, we have studied the generalized Landau-Lifshitz energy-momentum complex in this theory to determine the energy distribution expressions for some specific f(R) models. Also, we show that these models satisfy the constant curvature condition.
We investigate spherically symmetric continuously self-similar (CSS) solutions in the SU(2) sigma model coupled to gravity. Using mixed numerical and analytical methods, we provide evidence for the existence (for small coupling) of a countable family of regular CSS solutions. This fact is argued to have important implications for the ongoing studies of black hole formation in the model.
The static spherically symmetric solution for (R +- μ^4/R) model of f(R)gravity is investigated. We obtain the metric for space-time in the solar system that reduces to the Schwarzschild metric, when μ tends to zero. For the obtained metric, the deviation from Einstein gravity is very small. This result is different from the other results have been obtained by equivalence between f(R) gravity and scalar tensor theory. Also it is shown that the vacuum solution in the solar system depends on the shape of matter distribution which differ from the Einstein's gravity.
We investigate non-minimal $R^βF^2$-type couplings of electromagnetic fields to gravity. We derive the field equations by a first order variational principle using the method of Lagrange multipliers. Then we present various static, spherically symmetric solutions describing the exterior fields in the vicinity of electrically charged massive bodies.
We have found some new exact static spherically symmetric interior solutions of metric $f(R)$ gravitational theories describing the equilibrium configuration of a star. Then the solution is matched to the exterior solution and thus gives a complete description of a star in $R^{1-n/2}$ theory.
In this paper we consider a static, cylindrically symmetric spacetime with coincident f(Q) gravity. Since the field equation of this spacetime in symmetric teleparallel gravity is suitable for choosing the function of f(Q) in the form of power series and exponential forms, perfect fluid solutions of these forms are discussed. Energy densities, directional pressures and energy conditions are plotted and analysed for a few different metric potentials. Although cosmic strings violate all energy conditions in both f(Q) functions, the Levi-Civita solution violates all energy conditions in the power…
In this paper we investigate a complex symmetric generalization of general relativity and in particular we investigate its linearized field equations. We begin by reviewing some basic definitions and structures in Moffat's symmetric complex metric field theory of gravity. We then move on to derive the linearized retarded complex field equations. In addition to this we also derive a linearization of Moffat's field equations based on the more rigorous Fermi coordinate approach. In conclusion it is shown that the linearized symmetric complex field equations leads to a complex form of gravitomagne…
The modified theories of gravity, especially the f(R) theory, have attracted much attention in recent years. In this context, we explore static plane symmetric vacuum solutions using the metric approach of this theory. The field equations are solved using the assumption of constant scalar curvature which may be zero or non-zero. We have found a total of three plane symmetric solutions. The correspondence of these solutions with the well-known solutions in General Relativity is given.
In the present paper an attempt has been made to study the spatially homogeneous and isotropic FRW model and axially symmetric spacetime in f(R) theory of gravity. We have obtained the solutions of the field equations in vacuum. To find the solutions of axially symmetric space-time we have assumed the relation between scale factor and scalar field and also we considered that scalar expansion (θ) in the model is proportional to shear scalar (σ). The physical behavior for both models have been discussed by using physical parameters. The function of Ricci scalar is investigated for these models. …
The objective of the present paper is to study 4-dimensional almost pseudo Ricci symmetric perfect fluid spacetimes $(APRS)_4$. We show that a Robertson-Walker spacetime is $(APRS)_4$ and vice versa under certain condition imposed on its scale factor. Some popular toy models of $F(R)$-gravity are also studied under the current setting and various energy conditions are investigated.
We investigate some exact static cylindrically symmetric solutions for a perfect fluid in the metric $f(R)$ theory of gravity. For this purpose, three different families of solutions are explored. We evaluate energy density, pressure, Ricci scalar and functional form of $f(R)$. It is interesting to mention here that two new exact solutions are found from the last approach, one is in particular form and the other is in the general form. The general form gives a complete description of a cylindrical star in $f(R)$ gravity.
This paper is devoted to find the Locally Rotationally Symmetric (LRS) vacuum solutions in the context of f(R) theory of gravity. Actually, we have considered the three metrics representing the whole family of LRS spacetimes and solved the field equations by using metric approach as well as the assumption of constant scalar curvature. It is mention here that R may be zero or non-zero. In all we found 10 different solutions.
In a recent paper Cañate (CQG, {\bf 35}, 025018 (2018)) proved a no hair theorem to static and spherically symmetric or stationary axisymmetric black holes in general $f(R)$ gravity. The theorem applies for isolated asymptotically flat or asymptotically de Sitter black holes and also in the case when vacuum is replaced by a minimally coupled source having a traceless energy momentum tensor. This theorem excludes the case of pure quadratic gravity, $f(R) = R^2$. In this paper we use the scalar tensor representation of general $f(R)$ theory to show that there are no hairy black hole in pure $R^2…
A non-diagonal spherically symmetric tetrad field, involving four unknown functions of radial coordinate $r$, is applied to the equations of motion of f(T) gravity theory. A special exact vacuum solution with one constant of integration is obtained. The scalar torsion related to this special solution vanishes. To understand the physical meaning of the constant of integration we calculate the energy associated with this solution and show how it is related to the gravitational mass of the system.
The Lagrangian derivation of the Equations of Motion for topological static spherically symmetric metrics in $\mathcal F (R,G)$-modified gravity is presented and the related solutions are discussed. In particular, a new topological solution for the model $\mathcal F (R,G)=R+\sqrt{G}$ is found. The black hole solutions and the First Law of thermodynamic are analyzed. Furthermore, the coupling with electromagnetic field is also considered and a Maxwell solution is derived.
Gravitational theories generated from Lagrangians of the form f(R) are considered. The spherically symmetric solutions to these equations are discussed, paying particular attention to features that differ from the standard Schwarzschild solution. The asymptotic form of solutions is described, as is the lack of validity of Birkhoff's theorem. Exact solutions are presented which illustrate these points and their stability and geodesics are investigated.
In a teleparallel theory of (2+1)-dimensional gravity developed in a previous paper, we examine generators of internal Lorentz transformations and of general affine coordinate transformations for static circularly symmetric exact solutions of gravitational field equation. The \lq \lq spin" angular momentum, the energy-momentum and the \lq \lq extended orbital angular momentum" are explicitly given for each solution. Also, we give a critical comment on Deser's claim that neither momentum nor boosts are definable for finite energy solutions of three-dimensional Einstein gravity.
Linear perturbations of homothetic self-similar stiff fluid solutions, $S[n]$, with circular symmetry in 2+1 gravity are studied. It is found that, except for those with $n = 1$ and $n = 3$, none of them is stable and all have more than one unstable mode. Hence, {\em none of these solutions can be critical}.
The hierarchies of both Lovelock gravity and power-Yang-Mills field are combined through gravity in a single theory. In static, spherically symmetric ansatz exact particular integrals are obtained in all higher dimensions. The advantage of such hierarchies is the possibility of choosing coefficients, which are arbitrary otherwise, to cast solutions into tractable forms. To our knowledge the solutions constitute the most general spherically symmetric metrics that incorporate complexities both of Lovelock and Yang-Mills hierarchies within the common context. A large portion of our general class …
We investigate the geometrical and physical structures of a pseudo-symmetric spacetime $(PS)_4$ with timelike vector under the condition of conformal flatness. We classify it into two possible types: constant Ricci scalar and closed velocity vector. We further study this spacetime as a solution of $F(R)$-gravity theory and show that the pressure and energy density of the effective cosmological perfect fluid separately possess certain typical relations with the geometry and the gravity sector of the theory. Based on this result, some observational and cosmological analyses are done for the $F(R…
The choice of the area operator in loop quantum gravity is by no means unique. In addition to the area operator commonly used in loop quantum gravity there is also an area operator introduced by Krasnov in 1998, which gives uniformly spaced area spectra for the horizons of spacetime. Using Krasnov's area operator we consider the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric spacetimes equipped with horizons in loop quantum gravity. Among other things, our approach implies, in a pretty simple manner, that every horizon of spacetime emits thermal radiation and possesses emtropy which, in the natural u…
We derive a family of exact solutions for bi-metric gravity with an exchange symmetry between the two metrics. In this two-parameter family of solutions the gravitational field is sourced by a time-independent massless scalar field. We find that the only limit in which the scalar field entirely vanishes is flat space. The regular Schwarzschild-solution is left with a scalar field hidden in the second metric's sector.
We consider the existence of Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton plus fluid system for the case of stationary cylindrically symmetric spacetimes. An exact inhomogeneous $ ε$-order solution is found, where the parameter $ε$ parametrizes the non-minimally coupled electromagnetic field. Some its physical attributes are investigated and a connection with already known Gödel-type solution is given. It is shown that the found solution also survives in the string-inspired charged gravity framework. We find that a magnetic field has positive influence on the chronology violation unlike the dilaton influence.
After dimensional reduction the stationary spherically symmetric sector of Einstein's gravity is identified with an SL(2,R)/SO(2) Sigma model coupled to a one dimensional gravitational remnant. The space of classical solutions consists of a one parameter family interpolating between the Schwarzschild and the Taub-NUT solution. A Dirac Quantization of this system is performed and the observables -- the Schwarzschild mass and the Taub-NUT charge operator -- are shown to be self-adjoint operators with a continuous spectrum ranging from $-\infty$ to $\infty$. The Hilbert space is constructed expli…
Teleparallel gravity models, in which the curvature and the nonmetricity of spacetime are both set zero, are widely studied in the literature. We work a different teleparallel theory, in which the curvature and the torsion of spacetime are both constrained to zero, but the nonmetricity is nonzero. After reformulating the general relativity in this spacetime we find a solution and investigate its singularity structure.
We discuss a gauge invariant gravity model in a non-Riemannian geometry in which the curvature and the torsion both are zero, the nonmetricity is nonzero. We also argue that only a metric ansatz is enough to start finding solutions to the field equations. As an application we obtain explicitly a conformally flat solution.
In this work we have discussed the implications of shear-free condition on axially symmetric anisotropic gravitating objects in $f(R,T)$ theory. Restricted axial symmetry ignoring rotation and reflection enteries is taken into account for establishment of instability range. Implementation of linear perturbation on constitutive modified dynamical equations yield evolution equation. This equation associates adiabatic index $Γ$ with material and dark source components defining stable and unstable regions in Newtonian (N) and post-Newtonian (pN) approximations.
The present work investigates the gravitational collapse of a perfect fluid in $f(R)$ gravity models. For a general $f(R)$ theory, it is shown analytically that a collapse is quite possible. The singularity formed as a result of the collapse is found to be a curvature singularity of shell focusing type. The possibility of the formation of an apparent horizon hiding the central singularity depends on the initial conditions.
We derive all hairy stealth black holes in the most general second-order, shift symmetric, scalar-tensor theory with luminally propagating gravitational waves, often called kinetic gravity braiding. Our approach exploits an overlooked loophole in a recently obtained no-go statement which claims shift symmetry breaking to be necessary for stealth solutions to exist in kinetic gravity braiding. We highlight the essential role played by a covariantly constant kinetic density in obtaining these solutions. Lastly, we propose a parametrization of the theories based on the asymptotics of its stealth …
We study symmetric teleparallel (STP) gravity model, in which only spacetime non-metricity is nonzero. First we obtain STP equivalent Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian and give an approach for a generic solution in terms of only metric tensor. Then we obtain a spherically symmetric static solution to the Einstein's equation in STP space-time and discuss the singularities. Finally, we study a model given by a Lagrangian 4-form quadratic in non-metricity. Thus, we seek Schwarzschild-type solutions because of its observational success and obtain some sets of solutions. Finally, we discuss physical rele…
We present an elementary derivation of the planetary advance of the perihelion for a general spherically symmetric line element in the post- newtonian approximation.
We present an extension to the gauge-invariant formulation of the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, which allows its application to symmetric teleparallel gravity theories. In its original formulation, the gauge-invariant PPN formalism makes use of a gauge-invariant perturbative expansion of tensor fields; however, one of the fundamental gravitational field variables in symmetric teleparallel gravity theories is a flat, torsion-free connection, hence not a tensor field. Since connections transform differently from tensor fields under diffeomorphisms, we introduce here an adapted no…
In this paper we have investigated some rip cosmological models in an extended symmetric teleparallel gravity theory. We consider the form $f(Q,T)=aQ^m+bT$ in the Einstein-Hilbert action and expressed the field equations and the dynamical parameters in terms of the non-metricity $Q$. Three rip models such as Little Rip, Big Rip and Pseudo Rip are presented. The energy conditions and the cosmographic parameters are derived and analysed for all these models.
The notion of spacetime symmetry is essential to describe gravitating physical systems like planets, stars, black holes, or the universe as a whole, since they possess, at least to good approximation, spherical, axial, or spatially homogeneous and isotropic symmetry, respectively. This article gives a quick overview over the known facts on spacetime symmetries in teleparallel gravity. The most general spherical, axial, or spatially homogeneous and isotropic tetrads in Weitzenbck gauge are presented and a brief discussion about symmetric solutions of the anti-symmetric field equations in $f(T,B…
The weak-field and slow-motion limit of $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity is developed up to $(v/c)^{4}$ order in a spherically symmetric background. Considering the Taylor expansion of a general function $f$ around vanishing values of $R$ and $\mathcal{G}$, we present general vacuum solutions up to $(v/c)^{4}$ order for the gravitational field generated by a ball-like source. The spatial behaviors at $(v/c)^{2}$ order are the same for $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity and $f(R)$ gravity, and their corresponding real valued static behaviors are presented and compared with the one in general relativity. The …
We consider static spherically symmetric stellar configurations in Palatini theories of gravity in which the Lagrangian is an unspecified function of the form f(R,R_{μν}R^{μν}). We obtain the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkov equations corresponding to this class of theories and show that they recover those of f(R) theories and General Relativity in the appropriate limits. We compute exterior vacuum solutions and comment on the possible expected modifications, as compared to GR, of the interior solutions.
We investigate the non-minimal couplings between the electromagnetic fields and gravity through the natural logarithm of the curvature scalar. After we give the Lagrangian formulation of the non-minimally coupled theory, we derive field equations by a first order variational principle using the method of Lagrange multipliers. We look at static, spherically symmetric solutions that are asymptotically flat. We discuss the nature of horizons for some candidate black hole solutions according to various values of the parameters $R_0 $ and $a_1$.
We develop a symmetric teleparallel gravity model in a space-time with only the non-metricity is nonzero, in terms of a Lagrangian quadratic in the non-metricity tensor. We present a detailed discussion of the variations that may be used for any gravitational formulation. We seek Schwarzschild-type solutions because of its observational significance and obtain a class of solutions that includes Schwarzschild-type, Schwarzschild-de Sitter-type and Reissner-Nordström-type solutions for certain values of the parameters. We also discuss the physical relevance of these solutions.
A relativistic particle in an attractive Coulomb field as well as a static and spherically symmetric gravitational field is studied. The gravitational field is treated perturbatively and the energy levels are obtained for both spin 0 (Klein-Gordon) and spin 1/2 (Dirac) particles. The results are shown to coincide with each other as well as the result of the nonrelativistic (Schrodinger) equation in the nonrelativistic limit.
We explore static spherically symmetric stars in the Gauss-Bonnet gravity without cosmological constant, and present an exact internal solution which attaches to the exterior vacuum solution outside stars. It turns out that the presence of the Gauss-Bonnet term with a positive coupling constant completely changes thermal and gravitational energies, and the upper bound of red shift of spectral lines from the surface of stars. Unlike in general relativity, the upper bound of red shift is dependent on the density of stars in our case. Moreover, we have proven that two theorems for judging the sta…
