Let $H:D(H)\subseteq{\mathscr F}\to{\mathscr F}$ be self-adjoint and let $A:D(H)\to{\mathscr F}$ (playing the role of the annihilator operator) be $H$-bounded. Assuming some additional hypotheses on $A$ (so that the creation operator $A^{*}$ is a singular perturbation of $H$), by a twofold application of a resolvent Krein-type formula, we build self-adjoint realizations $\hat H$ of the formal Hamiltonian $H+A^{*}+A$ with $D(H)\cap D(\hat H)=\{0\}$. We give an explicit characterization of $D(\hat H)$ and provide a formula for the resolvent difference $(-\hat H+z)^{-1}-(-H+z)^{-1}$. Moreover, we consider the problem of the description of $\hat H$ as a (norm resolvent) limit of sequences of the kind $H+A^{*}_{n}+A_{n}+E_{n}$, where the $A_{n}\!$'s are regularized operators approximating $A$ and the $E_{n}$'s are suitable renormalizing bounded operators. These results show the connection between the construction of singular perturbations of self-adjoint operators by Krein's resolvent formula and nonperturbative theory of renormalizable models in Quantum Field Theory; in particular, as an explicit example, we consider the Nelson model.
The general concept of nonlinear self-adjointness of differential equations is introduced. It includes the linear self-adjointness as a particular case. Moreover, it embraces the strict self-adjointness and quasi self-adjointness introduced earlier by the author. It is shown that the equations possessing the nonlinear self-adjointness can be written equivalently in a strictly self-adjoint form by using appropriate multipliers. All linear equations possess the property of nonlinear self-adjointness, and hence can be rewritten in a nonlinear strictly self-adjoint. For example, the heat equation …
The spinless semi-relativistic Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian $H$ in quantum electrodynamics is considered. The self-adjointness and essential self-adjointness of $H$ are shown. It is emphasized that it includes the massless case. Furthermore, the self-adjointness and the essential self-adjointness of the semi-relativistic Pauli-Fierz model with a fixed total momentum is also proven.
The self-adjointness of the reduced Hamiltonian operators arising from the Laplace-Beltrami operator of a complete Riemannian manifold through quantum Hamiltonian reduction based on a compact isometry group is studied. A simple sufficient condition is provided that guarantees the inheritance of essential self-adjointness onto a certain class of restricted operators and allows us to conclude the self-adjointness of the reduced Laplace-Beltrami operators in a concise way. As a consequence, the self-adjointness of spin Calogero-Sutherland type reductions of `free' Hamiltonians under polar actions…
In this paper we provide a criterion of essential self-adjointness for operators in the tensor product of a separable Hilbert space and a Fock space. The class of operators we consider may contain a self-adjoint part, a part that preserves the number of Fock space particles and a non-diagonal part that is at most quadratic with respect to the creation and annihilation operators. The hypotheses of the criterion are satisfied in several interesting applications.
The method of nonlinear self-adjointness is applied to the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. The infinite set of conservation laws associated with the infinite algebra of Lie point symmetry of the KP equation is constructed.
The general concept of nonlinear self-adjointness of differential equations is introduced. It includes the linear self-adjointness as a particular case. Moreover, it embraces the previous notions of self-adjoint and quasi self-adjoint nonlinear equations. The class of nonlinearly self-adjoint equations includes, in particular, all linear equations. Conservation laws associated with symmetries can be constructed for all nonlinearly self-adjoint differential equations and systems. The number of equations in systems can be different from the number of dependent variables.
Nonlinear self-adjointness of the anisotropic nonlinear heat equation is investigated. Mathematical models of heat conduction in anisotropic media with a source are considered and a class of self-adjoint models is identified. Conservation laws corresponding to the symmetries of the equations in question are computed.
We consider the problem of essential self-adjointness of the drift-diffusion operator $H=-\frac{1}ρ\nabla\cdot ρ\mathbb D\nabla +V$ on domains $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ with $\mathcal{C}^2$-boundary $\partial Ω$ and for large classes of coefficients $ρ,\; \mathbb{D}$ and $V$. We give criteria showing how the behavior as $x \rightarrow \partial Ω$ of these coefficients balances to ensure essential self-adjointness of $H$. On the way we prove a weak anisotropic Hardy inequality which is of independent interest.
In this paper, we study self-adjointness and spectrum of operators of the form $$H=\displaystyle -\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+Fx, F>0 \quad\text{on} \quad \mathcal{H}=L^{2}(-L,L).$$ $H$ is called Stark operator and describes a quantum particle in a quantum asymmetric well. Most of known results on mathematical physics does not take in consideration the self-adjointness and the operating domains of such operators. We focus on this point and give the parametrization of all self-adjoint extensions. This relates on self-adjoint domains of singular symmetric differential operators. For some of these extension…
Let $X=\mathbb{R}\times M$ be the spacetime, where $M$ is a closed manifold equipped with a Riemannian metric $g$, and we consider a symmetric Klein-Gordon type operator $P$ on $X$, which is asymptotically converges to $\partial_t^2-\triangle_g$ as $|t|\to\infty$, where $\triangle_g$ is the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $M$. We prove the essential self-adjointness of $P$ on $C_0^\infty(X)$. The idea of the proof is closely related to a recent paper by the authors on the essential self-adjointness for Klein-Gordon operators on asymptotically flat spaces.
We study the essential self-adjointness for real principal type differential operators. Unlike the elliptic case, we need geometric conditions even for operators on the Euclidean space with asymptotically constant coefficients, and we prove the essential self-adjointness under the null non-trapping condition.
We prove essential self-adjointness of Dirac operators with Lorentz scalar potentials which grow sufficiently fast near the boundary $\partialΩ$ of the spatial domain $Ω\subset\mathbb R^d$. On the way, we first consider general symmetric first order differential systems, for which we identify a new, large class of potentials, called scalar potentials, ensuring essential self-adjointness. Furthermore, using the supersymmetric structure of the Dirac operator in the two dimensional case, we prove confinement of Dirac particles, i.e. essential self-adjointness of the operator, solely by magnetic f…
We consider deformations of unbounded operators by using the novel construction tool of warped convolutions. By using the Kato-Rellich theorem we show that unbounded self-adjoint deformed operators are self-adjoint if they satisfy a certain condition. This condition proves itself to be necessary for the oscillatory integral to be well-defined. Moreover, different proofs are given for self-adjointness of deformed unbounded operators in the context of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
We reprove the essential self-adjointness of the Dirichlet operators of Dirchlet forms for infinite particle systems with superstable and sub-exponentially decreasing interactions.
We consider Dirac operators defined on planar domains. For a large class of boundary conditions, we give a direct proof of their self-adjointness in the Sobolev space $H^1$.
We prove a general theorem about the self-adjointness and domain of Pauli-Fierz type Hamiltonians. Our proof is based on commutator arguments which allow us to treat fields with non-commuting components. As a corollary it follows that the domain of the Hamiltonian of non-relativistic QED with Coulomb interactions is independent of the coupling constant.
We consider the problem of essential self-adjointness of the spatial part of the Klein-Gordon operator in stationary spacetimes. This operator is shown to be a Laplace-Beltrami type operator plus a potential. In globally hyperbolic spacetimes, essential selfadjointness is proven assuming smoothness of the metric components and semi-boundedness of the potential. This extends a recent result for static spacetimes to the stationary case. Furthermore, we generalize the results to certain non-globally hyperbolic spacetimes.
In this paper, approximate nonlinear self-adjointness for perturbed PDEs is introduced and its properties are studied. Consequently, approximate conservation laws which cannot be obtained by the approximate Noether theorem are constructed by means of the method. As an application, a class of perturbed nonlinear wave equations is considered to illustrate the effectiveness.
We prove essential self-adjointness for a semibounded from below discrete magnetic Schrödinger operator in a space that represents a combinatorial model of the two-dimensional Euclidean space. The Dezin discretization scheme is used for constructing a discrete model.
We define Dirac operators on $\mathbb{S}^3$ (and $\mathbb{R}^3$) with magnetic fields supported on smooth, oriented links and prove self-adjointness of certain (natural) extensions. We then analyze their spectral properties and show, among other things, that these operators have discrete spectrum. Certain examples, such as circles in $\mathbb{S}^3$, are investigated in detail and we compute the dimension of the zero-energy eigenspace.
Approximate nonlinear self-adjointness is an effective method to construct approximate conservation law of perturbed partial differential equations (PDEs). In this paper, we study the relations between approximate nonlinear self-adjointness of perturbed PDEs and nonlinear self-adjointness of the corresponding unperturbed PDEs, and consequently provide a simple approach to discriminate approximate nonlinear self-adjointness of perturbed PDEs. Moreover, a succinct approximate conservation law formula by virtue of the known conservation law of the unperturbed PDEs is given in an explicit form. As…
The non self-adjointness of the radial momentum operator has been noted before by several authors, but the various proofs are incorrect. We give a rigorous proof that the $n$-dimensional radial momentum operator is not self- adjoint and has no self-adjoint extensions. The main idea of the proof is to show that this operator is unitarily equivalent to the momentum operator on $L^{2}[(0,\infty),dr]$ which is not self-adjoint and has no self-adjoint extensions.
We consider general symmetric systems of first order linear partial differential operators on domains $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^d$, and we seek sufficient conditions on the coefficients which ensure essential self-adjointness. The coefficients of the first order terms are only required to belong to $C^1(Ω)$ and there is no ellipticity condition. Our criterion writes as the completeness of an associated Riemannian structure which encodes the propagation velocities of the system. As an application we obtain sufficient conditions for confinement of energy for some wave propagation problems of classica…
Nonlinear self-adjointness method for constructing conservation laws of partial differential equations (PDEs) is further studied. We show that any adjoint symmetry of PDEs is a differential substitution of nonlinear self-adjointness and vice versa. Consequently, each symmetry of PDEs corresponds to a conservation law via a formula if the system of PDEs is nonlinearly self-adjoint with differential substitution. As a byproduct, we find that the set of differential substitutions includes the set of conservation law multipliers as a subset. The results are illustrated by three typical examples.
We discuss connections between the essential self-adjointness of a symmetric operator and the constancy of functions which are in the kernel of the adjoint of the operator. We then illustrate this relationship in the case of Laplacians on both manifolds and graphs. Furthermore, we discuss the Green's function and when it gives a non-constant harmonic function which is square integrable.
We prove the Schrödinger operator with infinitely many point interactions in $\mathbb{R}^d$ $(d=1,2,3)$ is self-adjoint if the support of the interactions is decomposed into uniformly discrete clusters. Using this fact, we prove the self-adjointness of the Schrödinger operator with point interactions on a random perturbation of a lattice or on the Poisson configuration. We also determine the spectrum of the Schrödinger operators with random point interactions of Poisson--Anderson type.
We show that a combination of well-known operators, namely $\Iτ\circ{H}\circ\Ps$ is self-adjoint and {\em ad-hoc} related to the $ζ$ function. Here $τ$ is an involution appearing in Weil's positivity criteria needed for hermitrization, $H$ a regularization operator introduced by Connes \cite{Co2} and $\Ps$ essentially Poisson summation. We elaborate on the Hilbert-Pólya conjecture, discuss why the Hermite-Biehler theorem, uncertainty relations and cohomologies are interesting in our scenario.
We describe a Lorentzian manifold that is globally hyperbolic and geodesically complete, but such that the (minimally coupled) Klein-Gordon operator with the standard domain is not essentially self-adjoint.
Distinguished selfadjoint extensions of Dirac operators are constructed for a class of potentials including Coulombic ones up to the critical case, $-|x|^{-1}$. The method uses Hardy-Dirac inequalities and quadratic form techniques.
We define the magnetic Schrödinger on an infinite graph by the data of a magnetic field, some weights on vertices and some weights on edges . We discuss essential self-adjointness of this operator for graphs of bounded degree. The main result is a discrete version of a result of two authors of the present paper.
We present a new theorem concerning a sufficient condition for a symmetric operator acting in a complex Hilbert space to be essentially self-adjoint. By applying the theorem, we prove that the Dirac Maxwell Hamiltonian, which describes a quantum system of a Dirac particle and a radiation field minimally interacting with each other, is essentially self-adjoint. Our theorem covers the case where the Dirac particle is in the Coulomb type potential.
We are focused on the idea that observables in quantum physics are a bit more than just hermitian operators and that this is, in general, a "tricky business". The origin of this idea comes from the fact that there is a subtle difference between symmetric, hermitian, and self-adjoint operators which are of immense importance in formulating Quantum Mechanics. The theory of self-adjoint extensions is presented through several physical examples and some emphasis is given on the physical implications and applications.
Distinguished selfadjoint extensions of operators which are not semibounded can be deduced from the positivity of the Schur Complement (as a quadratic form). In practical applications this amounts to proving a Hardy-like inequality. Particular cases are Dirac-Coulomb operators where distinguished selfadjoint extensions are obtained for the optimal range of coupling constants.
We consider the Laplacian and its fractional powers of order less than one on the complement $\mathbb{R}^d\setminusΣ$ of a given compact set $Σ\subset \mathbb{R}^d$ of zero Lebesgue measure. Depending on the size of $Σ$, the operator under consideration, equipped with the smooth compactly supported functions on $\mathbb{R}^d \setminus Σ$, may or may not be essentially self-ajoint. We survey well known descriptions for the critical size of $Σ$ in terms of capacities and Hausdorff measures. In addition, we collect some known results for certain two-parameter stochastic processes. What we finally…
We consider Schrödinger operators on possibly noncompact Riemannian manifolds, acting on sections in vector bundles, with locally square integrable potentials whose negative part is in the underlying Kato class. Using path integral methods, we prove that under geodesic completeness these differential operators are essentially self-adjoint on the space of smooth functions with compact support, and that the corresponding operator closures are semibounded from below. These results apply to nonrelativistic Pauli-Dirac operators that describe the energy of Hydrogen type atoms on Riemannian 3-manifo…
This paper deals with the study of the two-dimensional Dirac operatorwith infinite mass boundary condition in a sector. We investigate the question ofself-adjointness depending on the aperture of the sector: when the sector is convexit is self-adjoint on a usual Sobolev space whereas when the sector is non-convexit has a family of self-adjoint extensions parametrized by a complex number of theunit circle. As a byproduct of this analysis we are able to give self-adjointnessresults on polygones. We also discuss the question of distinguished self-adjointextensions and study basic spectral propert…
We prove essential self-adjointness of the spatial part of the linear Klein-Gordon operator with external potential for a large class of globally hyperbolic manifolds. The proof is conducted by a fusion of new results concerning globally hyperbolic manifolds, the theory of weighted Hilbert spaces and related functional analytic advances.
We consider a class of third order equations from the point of view of strict self-adjointness. Necessary and sufficient conditions to the investigated class be strictly self-adjoint are obtained. Then, from a strictly self-adjoint subclass we consider those who admits a suitable scaling transformation. Consequently it is derived a family of equations including the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony, Camassa-Holm and Novikov equation. By a suitable choice of the parameters, we deduce an one-parameter family of equations unifying the last two mentioned equations. Then, using some recent techniques for constr…
The paper is devoted to the group analysis of equations of motion of two-dimensional uniformly stratified rotating fluids used as a basic model in geophysical fluid dynamics. It is shown that the nonlinear equations in question have a remarkable property to be self-adjoint. This property is crucial for constructing conservation laws provided in the present paper. Invariant solutions are constructed using certain symmetries. The invariant solutions are used for defining internal wave beams.
We study self-adjoint extensions of operators which are the product of the multiplication operator by an analytic function and the analytic continuation in a strip. We compute the deficiency indices of the product operator for a wide class of analytic functions. For functions of a particular form, we point out the existence of a self-adjoint extension which is unitarily equivalent to the analytic-continuation operation. They appear in integrable quantum field theories as the one-particle component of the operators which realize the bound states of elementary particles and the existence of self…
We consider the problem of quantum and stochastic confinement for drift-diffusion equations on domains $ Ω\subset \mathbb R^d$. We obtain various sufficient conditions on the behavior of the coefficients near the boundary of $Ω$ which ensure the essential self-adjointness or stochastic completeness of the symmetric form of the drift-diffusion operator, $-\frac{1}{ρ_\infty}\,\nabla\cdot ρ_\infty\mathbb D\nabla$. The proofs are based on the method developed in [29] for quantum confinement on bounded domains in $\mathbb R^d$. In particular for stochastic confinement we combine the Liouville prope…
We show that allowing magnetic fields to be complex-valued leads to an improvement in the magnetic Hardy-type inequality due to Laptev and Weidl. The proof is based on the study of momenta on the circle with complex magnetic fields, which is of independent interest in the context of PT-symmetric and quasi-Hermitian quantum mechanics. We study basis properties of the non-self-adjoint momenta and derive closed formulae for the similarity transforms relating them to self-adjoint operators.
We develop an approach to prove self-adjointness of Dirac operators with boundary or transmission conditions at a $\mathcal{C}^2$-compact surface without boundary. To do so we are lead to study the layer potential induced by the Dirac system as well as to define traces in a weak sense for functions in the appropriate Sobolev space. Finally, we introduce Calderón projectors associated with the problem and illustrate the method in two special cases: the well-known MIT bag model and an electrostatic $δ$-shell interaction.
We prove a general essential self-adjointness criterion for sub-Laplacians on complete sub-Riemannian manifolds, defined with respect to singular measures. As a consequence, we show that the intrinsic sub-Laplacian (i.e. defined w.r.t. Popp's measure) is essentially self-adjoint on the equiregular connected components of a sub-Riemannian manifold. This result holds under mild regularity assumptions on the singular region, and when the latter does not contain characteristic points.
It is well known that the Camassa-Holm equation possesses numerous remarkable properties characteristic for KdV type equations. In this paper we show that it shares one more property with the KdV equation. Namely, Ibragimov has shown that the KdV and the modified KdV equations are self-adjoint. Starting from the generalization of the Camassa-Holm equation, we prove that the Camassa-Holm equation is self-adjoint. This property is important, e.g. for constructing conservation laws associated with symmetries of the equation in question. Accordingly, we construct conservation laws for the generali…
In the large polaron model of H. Froehlich, the electron-phonon interaction is a small perturbation in form sense, but a large perturbation in operator sense. This means that the form-domain of the Hamiltonian is not affected by the interaction but the domain of self-adjointness is. In the particular case of the Froehlich model, we are nevertheless able, thanks to a recently published new operator bound, to give an explicit characterization of the domain in terms of a suitable dressing transform. Using the mapping properties of this dressing transform, we analyze the smoothness of vectors in t…
We introduce the weighted graph Laplacian and the notion of Schrödinger operator on a locally finite weighted graph. Concerning essential self-adjointness, we extend Wojciechowski's and Dodziuk's results for graphs with vertex constant weight. The main result in this work states that on any metrically complete weighted graph with bounded degree, the weighted graph Laplacian is essentially self-adjoint and the same holds for the Schrödinger operator provided the associated quadratic form is bounded from below. We construct for the proof a strictly positive and harmonic function which allows us …
