Heat is detrimental for the operation of quantum systems, yet it fundamentally behaves according to quantum mechanics, being phase coherent and universally quantum-limited regardless of its carriers. Due to their robustness, superconducting circuits integrating dissipative elements are ideal candidates to emulate many-body phenomena in quantum heat transport, hitherto scarcely explored experimentally. However, their ability to tackle the underlying full physical richness is severely hindered by the exclusive use of a magnetic flux as a control parameter and requires complementary approaches. Here, we introduce a dual, magnetic field-free circuit where charge quantization in a superconducting island enables thorough electric field control. We thus tune the thermal conductance, close to its quantum limit, of a single photonic channel between two mesoscopic reservoirs. We observe heat flow oscillations originating from the competition between Cooper-pair tunnelling and Coulomb repulsion in the island, well captured by a simple model. Our results demonstrate that the duality between charge and flux extends to heat transport, with promising applications in thermal management of quantum devices.
We measure the quantum fluctuations of a pumped nonlinear resonator, using a superconducting artificial atom as an in-situ probe. The qubit excitation spectrum gives access to the frequency and temperature of the intracavity field fluctuations. These are found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions; in particular we experimentally observe the phenomenon of quantum heating.
The recent development of a scanning thermal microscope (SThM) has led to measurements of radiative heat transfer between a heated sensor and a cooled sample down to the nanometer range. This allows for comparision of the known theoretical description of radiative heat transfer, which is based on fluctuating electrodynamics, with experiment. The theory itself is a macroscopic theory, which can be expected to break down at distances much smaller than 10-8m. Against this background it seems to be reasonable to revisit the known macroscopic theory of fluctuating electrodynamics and of radiative h…
In miniaturising electrical devices down to nanoscales, heat transfer has turned into a serious obstacle but also potential resource for future developments, both for conventional and quantum computing architectures. Controlling heat transport in superconducting circuits has thus received increasing attention in engineering microwave environments for circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) and circuit quantum thermodynamics experiments (cQTD). While theoretical proposals for cQTD devices are numerous, the experimental situation is much less advanced. There exist only relatively few experimental…
We present a formulation of the nanoscale radiative heat transfer (RHT) using concepts of mesoscopic physics. We introduce the analog of the Sharvin conductance using the quantum of thermal conductance. The formalism provides a convenient framework to analyse the physics of RHT at the nanoscale. Finally, we propose a RHT experiment in the regime of quantized conductance.
Thermal rectification phenomenon is a manifestation of an asymmetry in the heat flux when the temperature difference between two interacting thermal reservoirs is reversed. In this letter, we present a far-field radiative thermal rectifier based on high temperature superconducting materials with a rectification ratio up to $80%$. This value is among the highest reported in literature. Two configurations are examined : a superconductor (Tl$_2$Ba$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_8$) exchanging heat with 1) a black body and 2) another superconductor, YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_7$ in this case. The first configuration shows a …
The near-field electromagnetic interaction between nanoscale objects produces enhanced radiative heat transfer that can greatly surpass the limits established by far-field black-body radiation. Here, we present a theoretical framework to describe the temporal dynamics of the radiative heat transfer in ensembles of nanostructures, which is based on the use of an eigenmode expansion of the equations that govern this process. Using this formalism, we identify the fundamental principles that determine the thermalization of collections of nanostructures, revealing general but often unintuitive dyna…
A general formalism for calculating the Radiative Heat Transfer in many body systems with anisotropic component is presented. Our scheme extends the theory of radiative heat transfer in isotropic many body systems to anisotropic cases. In addition, the radiative heating of the particles by the thermal bath is taken into account in our formula. It is shown that the radiative heat exchange (HE) between anisotropic particles and their radiative cooling/heating (RCH) could be enhanced several order of magnitude than that of isotropic particles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both the HE and RCH …
We apply an analytical approach for determining the near-field radiative heat transfer between a metallic nanosphere and a planar semi-infinite medium with some given surface structure. This approach is based on a perturbative expansion, and evaluated to first order in the surface profile. With the help of numerical results obtained for some simple model geometries we discuss typical signatures that should be obtainable with a near-field scanning thermal microscope operated in either constant-height or constant-distance mode.
The near-field interaction between two neighboring particles is known to produce enhanced radiative heat transfer. We advance in the understanding of this phenomenon by including the full electromagnetic particle response, heat exchange with the environment, and important radiative corrections both in the distance dependence of the fields and in the particle absorption coefficients. We find that crossed terms of electric and magnetic interactions dominate the transfer rate between gold and SiC particles, whereas radiative corrections reduce it by several orders of magnitude even at small separ…
We investigate the thermal radiation and thermal near-field energy density of a metal-coated semi-infinite body for different substrates. We show that the surface polariton coupling within the metal coating leads to an enhancement of the TM-mode part of the thermal near-field energy density when a polar substrate is used. In this case the result obtained for a free standing metal film is retrieved. In contrast, in the case of a metal substrate there is no enhancement in the TM-mode part, as can also be explained within the framework of surface plasmon coupling within the coating. Finally, we d…
We compute the radiative heat transfer between two sheets of 2D Dirac materials, including topological Chern insulators and graphene, within the framework of the local approximation for the optical response of these materials. In this approximation, which neglects spatial dispersion, we derive both numerically and analytically the short-distance asymptotic of the near-field heat transfer in these systems, and show that it scales as the inverse of the distance between the two sheets. Finally, we discuss the limitations to the validity of this scaling law imposed by spatial dispersion in 2D Dira…
The control of heat flow is a formidable challenge due to lack of good thermal insulators. Promising new oppor-tunities for heat flow control were recently theoretically discovered for radiative heat flow in near field, where large heat flow contrasts may be achieved by tuning electronic excitations on surfaces. Here we show experi-mentally that the phase transition of VO2 entails a change of surface polariton states that significantly affects radiative heat transfer in near field. In all cases the Derjaguin approximation correctly predicted radiative heat transfer in near field, but it undere…
We investigate heat circulators where a phase coherent region is contacted by three leads that are either normal- or superconducting. A magnetic field, and potentially the superconducting phases, allow to control the preferential direction of the heat flow between the three-different temperature-biased contacts. The main goal of this study is to analyze the requirements for heat circulation in non-ideal devices, in particular focusing on sample-to-sample variations. Quite generally, we find that the circulation performance of the devices is good as long as only a few transport channels are inv…
We study the effect of particles shape on the radiative heat transfer in a three-body system. It is found that the radiative heat flux between two nanoparticles in a three body system can be tuned by the shape of the third particle. In particular, we show that the heat flux is very sensitive to the particle shapes and slight mismatches of shapes results in either enhanced or suppressed heat flux.
We analyze the heat current traversing a quantum dot sandwiched between a ferromagnetic and a superconducting electrode. The heat flow generated in response to a voltage bias presents rectification as a function of the gate potential applied to the quantum dot. Remarkably, in the thermally driven case the heat shows a strong diode effect with large asymmetry ratios that can be externally tuned with magnetic fields or spin-polarized tunneling. Our results thus demonstrate the importance of hybrid systems as promising candidates for thermal applications.
The study of quantum heat transport in superconducting circuits is significant for further understanding the connection between quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, and for possible applications for quantum information. The first experimental realisations of devices demonstrating photonic heat transport mediated by a qubit have already been designed and measured. Motivated by the analysis of such experimental results, and for future experimental designs, we numerically evaluate the photonic heat transport of qubit-resonator devices in the linear circuit regime through electromagnetic simulati…
Based on a microscopic approach, we propose a Lagrangian for the combined system of a rotating dielectric nanoparticle above a plane surface in the presence of electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. In the framework of canonical quantization, the electromagnetic vacuum field is quantized in the presence of dielectric fields describing the nanoparticle and a semi-infinite dielectric with planar interface. The radiative heat power absorbed by the rotating nanoparticle is obtained and the result is in agreement with previous results when the the rotational frequency of the nanoparticle is zero or m…
We investigate the radiative heat transport along a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger chain of InSb nanoparticles. We show that in the topological non-trivial phase, the edge modes dominate the radiative heat transport despite their strong localization at the edges of the finite chain due to a long-range coupling of the first and last particle. We further discuss the scaling laws of the heat transfer with respect to the chain length for the longitudinal and transversal band- and edge modes and conclude that both type of modes obey the same scaling law.
We study the near-field radiative energy transfer between graphene and an amorphous SiO$_2$ substrate. In comparison with the existing theories of near-field radiative heat transfer our theory takes into account that the free carriers in graphene are moving relative to the substrate with a drift velocity $v$. In this case the heat flux is determined by both thermal and quantum fluctuations. We find that quantum fluctuations give an important contribution to the radiative energy transfer for low temperatures and high electric field (large drift velocities). For nonsuspended graphene the near-fi…
We study the heat conductance of hybrid superconducting junctions. Our analysis involves single-channel junctions with arbitrary transmission as well as diffusive connectors and shows the influence of the superconducting gaps and phases of the contacts on the heat conductance. If the junction is diffusive, these effects are completely quenched on average, however, we find that their influence persists in weak-localization corrections and conductance fluctuations. While these statistical properties strongly deviate from the well-known analogues for the charge conductance, we demonstrate that th…
We present a general framework for studying strongly coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer between arbitrarily shaped bodies separated by sub-wavelength distances. Our formulation is based on a macroscopic approach that couples our recent fluctuating volume--current (FVC) method of near-field heat transfer to the more well known Fourier conduction transport equation. We apply our technique to consider heat exchange between aluminum-zinc oxide nanorods and show that the presence of bulk plasmon resonances can result in extremely large radiative heat transfer rates (roughly twenty times…
Owing to its two dimensional electronic structure, graphene exhibits many unique properties. One of them is a wave vector and temperature dependent plasmon in the infrared range. Theory predicts that due to these plasmons, graphene can be used as a universal material to enhance nanoscale radiative heat exchange for any dielectric substrate. Here we report on radiative heat transfer experiments between SiC and a SiO2 sphere which have non matching phonon polariton frequencies, and thus only weakly exchange heat in near field. We observed that the heat flux contribution of graphene epitaxially g…
We study the near-field radiative heat transfer between two twisted finite-size polar dielectric nanoparticle gratings. Differently from previous studies of the same configuration, we do not rely on any approximated effective medium theory to describe the gratings. By the full many-body radiative heat transfer theory we are able to investigate how the size, distance and relative orientation between the gratings influence the radiative heat flux. By changing the twisting angle $θ$, we show a significant oscillation of the thermal conductance $G(θ)$, due to the size effect for gratings of both s…
We analyze the coupling between conduction and radiative heat transfer in near-field regime between two coaxial cylinders separated by a vacuum gap. By solving the heat transport equation in the steady-state regime between metals or polar materials we highlight a flux saturation mechanism for the radiative transfer even without non-local effect. In the case of polar materials this saturation occurs in the separation distances range of 1 to 10 nm which can be experimentally explored.
We present a theory to describe the fluctuations of nonequilibrium radiative heat transfer between two bodies both in far and near-field regime. As predicted by the blackbody theory, in far field, we show that the variance of radiative heat flux is of the same order of magnitude as its mean value. However, in near-field regime we demonstrate that the presence of surface polaritons makes this variance more than one order of magnitude larger than the mean flux. We further show that the correlation time of heat flux in this regime is comparable to the relaxation time of heat carriers in each medi…
We demonstrate the existence of a shuttling effect for the radiative heat flux exchanged between two bodies separated by a vacuum gap when the chemical potential of photons or the temperature difference is modulated. We show that this modulation typically gives rise to a supplementary flux which superimposes to the flux produced by the mean gradient, enhancing the heat exchange. When the system displays a negative differential thermal resistance, however, the radiative shuttling contributes to insulate the two bodies from each other. These results pave the way for a novel strategy for an activ…
Radiative heat transfer between bodies is often dominated by a narrow resonance in the transmission, e.~g. due to a cavity mode or a surface excitation. However, this resonant character is not visible in the average heat current. Here, we show that the noise spectrum of heat current can serve as a direct probe of the heat-carrying excitations. Namely, the resonant mode produces a sharp peak in the noise spectrum with a width related to the mode lifetime. We demonstrate that heat transfer in realistic superconducting circuits or between two-dimensional metals can realize our predictions.
In this Letter a N-body theory for the radiative heat exchange in thermally non equilibrated discrete systems of finite size objects is presented. We report strong exaltation effects of heat flux which can be explained only by taking into account the presence of many body interactions. Our theory extends the standard Polder and van Hove stochastic formalism used to evaluate heat exchanges between two objects isolated from their environment to a collection of objects in mutual interaction. It gives a natural theoretical framework to investigate the photon heat transport properties of complex sy…
We study the radiative heat transfer between two semi-infinite half-spaces, bounded by conductive surfaces in contact with vacuum. This setup is interpreted as a four-terminal mesoscopic transport problem. The slabs and interfaces are viewed as bosonic reservoirs, coupled perfectly to a scattering center consisting of the two interfaces and vacuum. Using Rytov's fluctuational electrodynamics and assuming Kirchhoff's circuital law, we calculate the heat flow in each bath. This allows for explicit evaluation of a conductance matrix, from which one readily verifies Büttiker symmetry. Thus, radiat…
We introduce a local radiative heat-pumping effect between two bodies in a many-body system, obtained by periodically modulating both the temperature and the position of an intermediate object using an external source of energy. We show that the magnitude and the sign of energy flow can be tuned by changing the oscillation amplitude and dephasing of the two parameters. This many-body effect paves the way for an efficient and active control of heat fluxes at the nanoscale.
The radiative properties of most structures are intimately connected to the way in which their constituents are ordered on the nano-scale. We have proposed a new representation for radiative heat transfer formalism in many-body systems. In this representation, we explain why collective effects depend on the morphology of structures, and how the arrangement of nanoparticles and their material affects the thermal properties in many-body systems. We investigated the radiative heat transfer problem in fractal (i.e., scale invariant) structures. In order to show the effect of the structure morpholo…
In this work, we study the near-field radiative heat transfer between two suspended sheets of anisotropic 2D materials. It is found that the radiative heat transfer can be enhanced with orders-of-magnitude over the blackbody limit for nanoscale separation. The enhancement is attributed to the excitation of anisotropic and hyperbolic plasmonic modes. Meanwhile, a large thermal modulation effect, depending on the twisted angle of principal axes between the upper and bottom sheets of anisotropic 2D materials, is revealed. The near-field radiative heat transfer for different concentrations of elec…
The radiative heat transfer between two dielectrics can be strongly enhanced in the near field in the presence of surface phonon-polariton resonances. Nevertheless, the spectral mismatch between the surface modes supported by two dissimilar materials is responsible for a dramatic reduction of the radiative heat flux they exchange. In the present paper we study how the presence of a graphene sheet, deposited on the material supporting the surface wave of lowest frequency, allows to widely tune the radiative heat transfer, producing an amplification factor going up to one order of magnitude. By …
We demonstrate in this work that the use of metasurfaces provides a viable strategy to largely tune and enhance near-field radiative heat transfer between extended structures. In particular, using a rigorous coupled wave analysis, we predict that Si-based metasurfaces featuring two-dimensional periodic arrays of holes can exhibit a room-temperature near-field radiative heat conductance much larger than any unstructured material to date. We show that this enhancement, which takes place in a broad range of separations, relies on the possibility to largely tune the properties of the surface plasm…
We present a theoretical analysis that demonstrates that the far-field radiative heat transfer between objects with dimensions smaller than the thermal wavelength can overcome the Planckian limit by orders of magnitude. We illustrate this phenomenon with micron-sized structures that can be readily fabricated and tested with existing technology. Our work shows the dramatic failure of the classical theory to predict the far-field radiative heat transfer between micro- and nano-devices.
The transport of heat mediated by thermal photons in hyperbolic multilayer metamaterials is studied using the fluctuational electrodynamics theory. We demonstrate that in comparison to bulk materials the flux inside layered hyperbolic materials can be transported at much longer distances, making these media very promising for thermal management and for near-field energy harvesting.
A parametric study of Drude and Lorentz models performances in maximizing near-field radiative heat transfer between two semi-infinite planes separated by nanometric distances at room temperature is presented in this paper. Optimal parameters of these models that provide optical properties maximizing the radiative heat flux are reported and compared to real materials usually considered in similar studies, silicon carbide and heavily doped silicon in this case. Results are obtained by exact and approximate (in the extreme near-field regime and the electrostatic limit hypothesis) calculations. T…
We study the radiative heat transfer and the van der Waals friction between graphene and an amorphous SiO$_2$ substrate. We study the surface phonon-polaritons contribution to the low-field mobility as a function of temperature and of carrier density. We find that the electric current saturate at a high electric field, in agreement with experiment. The saturation current depends weakly on the temperature, which we attribute to the "quantum" friction between the graphene carriers and the substrate optical phonons. We calculate the frictional drag between two graphene sheets caused by van der Wa…
In the present work, we theoretically demonstrate, for the first time, that near field radiative transport between 1D periodic grating microstructures separated by subwavelength vacuum gaps can be significantly enhanced by exciting magnetic resonance or polariton. Fluctuational electrodynamics that incorporates scattering matrix theory with rigorous coupled wave analysis is employed to exactly calculate the near field radiative heat flux between two SiC gratings. Besides the well known coupled surface phonon polaritons (SPhP), an additional spectral radiative heat flux peak, which is due to ma…
We present a general nonequilibrium Green's function formalism for modeling heat transfer in systems characterized by linear response that establishes the formal algebraic relationships between phonon and radiative conduction, and reveals how upper bounds for the former can also be applied to the latter. We also propose an extension of this formalism to treat systems susceptible to the interplay of conductive and radiative heat transfer, which becomes relevant in atomic systems and at nanometric and smaller separations where theoretical descriptions which treat each phenomenon separately may b…
We numerically study the tuning of the radiative heat transfer between a spherical InSb nanoparticle in the vicinity of a flat SiC surface assisted by a static magnetic field. By changing the value of the applied magnetic field, the dielectric function of the nanosphere becomes anisotropic due to the excitation of magneto-plasmons. In the dipolar approximation, the plasmon resonance of the particle splits into two additional satellite resonances that shift to higher and lower frequencies as the field increases. When one of the particle resonances overlaps with the phonon-polariton frequency of…
We derive exact analytical formulas for the radiative heat transfer between parallel slabs separated by vacuum and subject to arbitrary temperature profiles. We show that, depending on the derivatives of the temperature at points close to the slab--vacuum interfaces, the flux can exhibit one of several different asymptotic low-distance ($d$) behaviors, obeying either $1/d^2$, $1/d$, or logarithmic power laws, or approaching a constant. Tailoring the temperature profile within the slabs could enable unprecedented tunability over heat exchange, leading for instance to sign-flip transitions (wher…
Radiative heat transfer between two bodies saturates at very short separation distances due to the nonlocal optical response of the materials. In this work, we show that the presence of radiative interactions with a third body or external bath can also induce a saturation of the heat transfer, even at separation distances for which the optical response of the materials is purely local. We demonstrate that this saturation mechanism is a direct consequence of a thermalization process resulting from many-body interactions in the system. This effect could have an important impact in the field of n…
We study the constraints on reciprocal and non-reciprocal many-body radiative heat transfer imposed by symmetry and the second law of thermodynamics. We show that the symmetry of such a many-body system in general forms a magnetic group, and the constraints of the magnetic group on the heat transfer can be derived using a generalized reciprocity theorem. We also show that the second law of thermodynamics provides additional constraints in the form of a nodal conservation law of heat flow at equilibrium. As an application, we provide a systematic approach to determine the existence of persisten…
Here, we outline a theory of radiative heat transfer based on an equivalent electrical network representation for the hot material slabs in an arbitrary multilayered environment with arbitrary distribution of temperatures and electromagnetic properties among the layers. Our approach is fully equivalent to the known theories operating with the fluctuating current density, while being significantly simpler in analysis and applications.
Near-field force and energy exchange between two objects due to quantum electrodynamic fluctuations give rise to interesting phenomena such as Casimir and van der Waals forces, and thermal radiative transfer exceeding Planck's theory of blackbody radiation. Although significant progress has been made in the past on the precise measurement of Casimir force related to zero-point energy, experimental demonstration of near-field enhancement of radiative heat transfer is difficult. In this work, we present a sensitive technique of measuring near-field radiative transfer between a microsphere and a …
Light absorption in conducting materials produces heating of their conduction electrons, followed by relaxation into phonons within picoseconds, and subsequent diffusion into the surrounding media over longer timescales. This conventional picture of optical heating is supplemented by radiative cooling, which typically takes place at an even lower pace, only becoming relevant for structures held in vacuum or under extreme conditions of thermal isolation. Here we reveal an ultrafast radiative cooling regime between neighboring plasmon-supporting graphene nanostructures in which noncontact heat t…
It is shown that a graphene layer on top of a dielectric slab can dramatically influence the ability of this dielectric for radiative heat exchange. Effect of graphene is related to thermally excited plasmons. Frequency of these resonances lies in the terahertz region and can be tuned by varying the Fermi level through doping or gating. Heat transfer between two dielectrics covered with graphene can be larger than that between best known materials and even much larger at low temperatures. Moreover, high heat transfer can be significantly modulated by electrical means that opens up new possibil…
