Blockchain using Proof-of-Interaction

Image-based Proof of Work Algorithm for the Incentivization of Blockchain Archival of Interesting Images

A new variation of blockchain proof of work algorithm is proposed to incentivize the timely execution of image processing algorithms. A sample image processing algorithm is proposed to determine interesting images using analysis of the entropy of pixel subsets within images. The efficacy of the image processing algorithm is examined using two small sets of training and test data. The interesting image algorithm is then integrated into a simplified blockchain mining proof of work algorithm based on Bitcoin. The incentive of cryptocurrency mining is theorized to incentivize the execution of the …

迈向低碳工作量证明区块链

Towards a low carbon proof-of-work blockchain

本文针对PoW区块链高能耗问题，提出以抽奖与PoVM虚拟机仿真替代hashcash等机制，并分析其共识管理缺口及相关系统。

Zero-knowledge Based Proof-chain -- A methodology for blockchain-partial system

Intuitively there is a drastic distinction between the pure decentralized block-chain systems like Defis and those that only utilize block-chain as an enhancing technology but remain centralized with real-world business model and conventional technologies like database, application server, etc. Our study explores extensively this distinction from a methodological point of view, classifies them into blockchain-complete and blockchain-partial, analyzes key features of the two types, and reveals the root cause of this distinction. We analyze the function or, in more strong words, the "ultimate pu…

PrivChain: Provenance and Privacy Preservation in Blockchain enabled Supply Chains

Blockchain offers traceability and transparency to supply chain event data and hence can help overcome many challenges in supply chain management such as: data integrity, provenance and traceability. However, data privacy concerns such as the protection of trade secrets have hindered adoption of blockchain technology. Although consortium blockchains only allow authorised supply chain entities to read/write to the ledger, privacy preservation of trade secrets cannot be ascertained. In this work, we propose a privacy-preservation framework, PrivChain, to protect sensitive data on blockchain usin…

RDV: An Alternative To Proof-of-Work And A Real Decentralized Consensus For Blockchain

A blockchain is a decentralized ledger where all transactions are recorded. For having a reliable blockchain and double-spending prevention, we need a decentralized consensus and agreement on a blockchain. Bitcoin uses proof-of-work (PoW). It is a cryptographic puzzle that is difficult to solve but easy to verify. However, because of significant latency of proof-of-work for transactions confirmation, this consensus mechanism is vulnerable against double-spending. On the other hand, PoW consumes a significant amount of energy that by growing the network, it becomes a major problematic of this c…

On the Storage Overhead of Proof-of-Work Blockchains

Permissionless blockchains such as Bitcoin have long been criticized for their high computational and storage overhead. Unfortunately, while a number of proposals address the energy consumption of existing Proof-of-Work deployments, little attention has been given so far to remedy the storage overhead incurred by those blockchains. In fact, it seems widely acceptable that full nodes supporting the blockchains have to volunteer hundreds of GBs of their storage, to store and verify all transactions exchanged in the system. In this paper, we explore the solution space to effectively reduce the st…

Proof of Luck: an Efficient Blockchain Consensus Protocol

In the paper, we present designs for multiple blockchain consensus primitives and a novel blockchain system, all based on the use of trusted execution environments (TEEs), such as Intel SGX-enabled CPUs. First, we show how using TEEs for existing proof of work schemes can make mining equitably distributed by preventing the use of ASICs. Next, we extend the design with proof of time and proof of ownership consensus primitives to make mining energy- and time-efficient. Further improving on these designs, we present a blockchain using a proof of luck consensus protocol. Our proof of luck blockcha…

Securing Majority-Attack In Blockchain Using Machine Learning And Algorithmic Game Theory: A Proof of Work

Recently we could see several institutions coming together to create consortium based blockchain networks such as Hyperledger. Although for applications of blockchain such as Bitcoin, Litcoin, etc. the majority-attack might not be a great threat but for consortium based blockchain networks where we could see several institutions such as public, private, government, etc. are collaborating, the majority-attack might just prove to be a prevalent threat if collusion among these institutions takes place. This paper proposes a methodology where we can use intelligent software agents to monitor the a…

区块链传感器网络中的高效零知识集合成员证明：一种新颖的或聚合方法

Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Set Membership in Blockchain-Based Sensor Networks: A Novel OR-Aggregation Approach

本文提出了一种针对区块链传感器网络的或聚合方法，优化了资源受限环境下的证明效率，提升了大规模部署中的证明大小、生成时间和验证效率。

PROACT: Parallel Multi-Miner Proof of Accumulated Trust Protocol for Internet of Drones

Several types of networks that comprise unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV or drone) are being utilized in important applications such as emergency response, environment and infrastructure monitoring, defense and security, and commerce. In such networks, swarms of UAVs cooperate in executing one or more missions to achieve the application's objectives. The UAVs communicate with terrestrial networks by connecting to fixed or mobile ground control stations (GCS). The ability of drones to connect to online applications and offer services to Internet users has led to the proliferation of the Internet o…

Leveraging Self-Sovereign Identity, Blockchain, and Zero-Knowledge Proof to Build a Privacy-Preserving Vaccination Pass

The current humanitarian health crisis popularized the debate on data privacy. At the same time, several cities, states, and even countries put the mandatory presentation of health pass to access services into practice. In this article, we explore the concepts of self-sovereign identity, blockchain, and zero-knowledge proofs to propose a solution to the problem of presenting proof of vaccination. This solution allows users to prove that they are vaccinated for different pathogens without revealing their identity. The architecture is loosely coupled, allowing components to be exchanged, which w…

隐私保护的区块链赋能参数保险：通过遥感和物联网

Privacy-preserving Blockchain-enabled Parametric Insurance via Remote Sensing and IoT

本文提出基于简洁零知识证明的隐私保护参数保险框架，通过零知识证明验证保险索赔的有效性和数据源真实性，提升透明度和效率，同时降低Gas成本80%。

VerifyMed -- A blockchain platform for transparent trust in virtualized healthcare: Proof-of-concept

Patients living in a digitized world can now interact with medical professionals through online services such as chat applications, video conferencing or indirectly through consulting services. These applications need to tackle several fundamental trust issues: 1. Checking and confirming that the person they are interacting with is a real person; 2. Validating that the healthcare professional has competence within the field in question; and 3. Confirming that the healthcare professional has a valid license to practice. In this paper, we present VerifyMed -- the first proof-of-concept platform,…

Proof of Mining in Blockchain Systems

We propose a proof of mining system. Roughly speaking, in this system the mining stake ${\rm mstak}(A)$ with discrimination index $a\in[0,1]$ of an account $A$ is defined by the formula: $${\rm mstak}(A)=(1-a)\cdot\frac{1}{\rm NOM}+a\cdot\frac{{\rm NOBM}(A)}{L},$$ where $L$ is the length of the block-chain, ${\rm NOM}$ is the number of miners in the block-chain, and ${\rm NOBM}(A)$ is the number of blocks mined by $A$.

Puncturable Signatures and Applications in Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol

Proof-of-stake blockchain protocols are becoming one of the most promising alternatives to the energy-consuming proof-of-work protocols. However, one particularly critical threat in the PoS setting is the well-known long-range attacks caused by secret key leakage (LRSL attack). Specifically, an adversary can attempt to control/compromise accounts possessing substantial stake at some past moment such that double-spend or erase past transactions, violating the fundamental persistence property of blockchain. Puncturable signatures provide a satisfying solution to construct practical proof-of-stak…

一种基于可退税证明共识算法的双链区块链方法

A Double-Linked Blockchain Approach Based on Proof-of-Refundable-Tax Consensus Algorithm

本文提出双链区块链结构与可退税证明（PoRT）共识算法，通过可验证随机函数按可退税额选择维护者，以提升性能、防止Sybil攻击并维持财富分配稳定。

面向自动驾驶卡车编队的聚合零知识证明与区块链赋能的身份认证

Aggregated Zero-knowledge Proof and Blockchain-Empowered Authentication for Autonomous Truck Platooning

本文提出聚合零知识证明与区块链赋能的身份认证方案，用于自动驾驶卡车编队的隐私保护身份验证，在毫秒级完成认证并提升安全性与系统韧性。

SklCoin: Toward a Scalable Proof-of-Stake and Collective Signature Based Consensus Protocol for Strong Consistency in Blockchain

The proof-of-work consensus protocol suffers from two main limitations: waste of energy and offering only probabilistic guarantees about the status of the blockchain. This paper introduces SklCoin, a new Byzantine consensus protocol and its corresponding software architecture. This protocol leverages two ideas: 1) the proof-of-stake concept to dynamically form stake proportionate consensus groups that represent block miners (stakeholders), and 2) scalable collective signing to efficiently commit transactions irreversibly. SklCoin has immediate finality characteristic where all miners instantly…

Fraud and Data Availability Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with Dishonest Majorities

Light clients, also known as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) clients, are nodes which only download a small portion of the data in a blockchain, and use indirect means to verify that a given chain is valid. Typically, instead of validating block data, they assume that the chain favoured by the blockchain's consensus algorithm only contains valid blocks, and that the majority of block producers are honest. By allowing such clients to receive fraud proofs generated by fully validating nodes that show that a block violates the protocol rules, and combining this with probabilistic sampling techn…

Gophy：面向高能物理的新型有用工作量证明区块链架构

Gophy: Novel Proof-of-Useful-Work blockchain architecture for High Energy Physics

本研究提出名为Gophy的新型有用工作量证明区块链架构，用蒙特卡洛模拟替代哈希运算，将算力用于高能物理实验，同时保障许可链安全，配套代币激励矿工参与，预计2024年底开源。

Raziel: Private and Verifiable Smart Contracts on Blockchains

Raziel combines secure multi-party computation and proof-carrying code to provide privacy, correctness and verifiability guarantees for smart contracts on blockchains. Effectively solving DAO and Gyges attacks, this paper describes an implementation and presents examples to demonstrate its practical viability (e.g., private and verifiable crowdfundings and investment funds). Additionally, we show how to use Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Proofs (i.e., Proof-Carrying Code certificates) to prove the validity of smart contracts to third parties before their execution without revealing anything else. Fi…

Analysis of Difficulty Control in Bitcoin and Proof-of-Work Blockchains

This paper presents a stochastic model for block arrival times based on the difficulty retargeting rule used in Bitcoin, as well as other proof-of-work blockchains. Unlike some previous work, this paper explicitly models the difficulty target as a random variable which is a function of the previous block arrival times and affecting the block times in the next retargeting period. An explicit marginal distribution is derived for the time between successive blocks (the blocktime), while allowing for randomly changing difficulty. This paper also aims to serve as an introduction to Bitcoin and proo…

Better Incentives for Proof-of-Work

This work proposes a novel proof-of-work blockchain incentive scheme such that, barring exogenous motivations, following the protocol is guaranteed to be the optimal strategy for miners. Our blockchain takes the form of a directed acyclic graph, resulting in improvements with respect to throughput and speed. More importantly, for our blockchain to function, it is not expected that the miners conform to some presupposed protocol in the interest of the system's operability. Instead, our system works if miners act selfishly, trying to get the maximum possible rewards, with no consideration for th…

The Balance Attack Against Proof-Of-Work Blockchains: The R3 Testbed as an Example

In this paper, we identify a new form of attack, called the Balance attack, against proof-of-work blockchain systems. The novelty of this attack consists of delaying network communications between multiple subgroups of nodes with balanced mining power. Our theoretical analysis captures the precise tradeoff between the network delay and the mining power of the attacker needed to double spend in Ethereum with high probability. We quantify our probabilistic analysis with statistics taken from the R3 consortium, and show that a single machine needs 20 minutes to attack the consortium. Finally, we …

Energy-recycling Blockchain with Proof-of-Deep-Learning

An enormous amount of energy is wasted in Proofof-Work (PoW) mechanisms adopted by popular blockchain applications (e.g., PoW-based cryptocurrencies), because miners must conduct a large amount of computation. Owing to this, one serious rising concern is that the energy waste not only dilutes the value of the blockchain but also hinders its further application. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain design that fully recycles the energy required for facilitating and maintaining it, which is re-invested to the computation of deep learning. We realize this by proposing Proof-of-Deep-Learni…

SNARKChain：具有通用SNARK市场的有用工作量证明区块链共识

SNARKChain: Proof-of-Useful-Work Blockchain Consensus with General-Purpose SNARK Marketplace

研究针对工作量证明能耗大问题，提出有用工作量证明共识协议，计算客户端外包的SNARK证明保障协议安全，还设计去中心化市场外包SNARK证明生成，成为首个满足工作量证明必要属性且在共识层运行的此类市场。

可扩展的零知识证明用于验证区块链应用中的加密哈希

Scalable Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Verifying Cryptographic Hashing in Blockchain Applications

本文提出了一种生成和验证零知识证明的方法，用于确保加密哈希的计算完整性，重点在SHA-256算法上，利用Plonky2框架实现高效可扩展性。

基于区块链和零知识证明的自动驾驶卡车编队位置感知验证

Location-aware Verification for Autonomous Truck Platooning Based on Blockchain and Zero-knowledge Proof

本文针对动态卡车编队中的身份验证与隐私保护问题，提出一种基于零知识证明和许可区块链的位置感知验证协议，在局部区域内实现低延迟验证，并在Hyperledger平台上验证了其实用性。

用于区块链共识的随机性证明协议：Macau算法的一个案例

Proof-of-randomness protocol for blockchain consensus: a case of Macau algorithms

针对区块链共识的公平性与能耗问题，提出基于TRNG和哈希的PoR协议，将其归为Macau类随机算法，并探讨QRNG硬件钱包集成及与QKD协作。

利用聚合零知识证明机制增强区块链的安全性与效率

Enhanced Security and Efficiency in Blockchain with Aggregated Zero-Knowledge Proof Mechanisms

本文提出在 Merkle Trees 中聚合 Zero-Knowledge Proofs 的区块链验证方案，并基于真实 Ethereum 区块数据证明其可显著降低证明规模与计算开销。

Blockchain-based Proof of Location

Location-Based Services (LBSs) build upon geographic information to provide users with location-dependent functionalities. In such a context, it is particularly important that geographic locations claimed by users are trustworthy. Centralized verification approaches proposed in the last few years are not satisfactory, as they entail a high risk to the privacy of users. In this paper, we present and evaluate a novel decentralized, infrastructure-independent proof-of-location scheme based on blockchain technology. Our scheme guarantees both location trustworthiness and user privacy preservation.

A General Difficulty Control Algorithm for Proof-of-Work Based Blockchains

Designing an efficient difficulty control algorithm is an essential problem in Proof-of-Work (PoW) based blockchains because the network hash rate is randomly changing. This paper proposes a general difficulty control algorithm and provides insights for difficulty adjustment rules for PoW based blockchains. The proposed algorithm consists a two-layer neural network. It has low memory cost, meanwhile satisfying the fast-updating and low volatility requirements for difficulty adjustment. Real data from Ethereum are used in the simulations to prove that the proposed algorithm has better performan…

Wood traceability system using blockchain and zero-knowledge proof

The system proposed in this study uses zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) to verify the traceability of wood recorded in a public blockchain. Wood is a byproduct of several states, ranging from standing trees to logs, lumber, and wood products (hereinafter ``wood objects''). The advantage of using the blockchain for record keeping is that participants can freely record the information at their discretion, without any restrictions. However, the openness of the blockchain may allow a malicious third party to introduce disinformation. In this study, we employ ZKP and near-field communication (NFC) chips …

生成式区块链：通过 Merit 证明将区块链从交易记录转变为交易生成

Generative Blockchain: Transforming Blockchain from Transaction Recording to Transaction Generation through Proof-of-Merit

本文提出生成式区块链新范式及 Proof-of-Merit (PoM) 共识机制，将交易生成与记录整合，并引入 DCP 平衡效率与公平，通过拼车场景仿真验证了其有效性。

An AI Based Super Nodes Selection Algorithm in BlockChain Networks

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake and Delegated-Proof-of-Stake. Proof-of-Work urges nodes to prove their computing power measured in hash rate in a crypto-puzzle solving competition. The other two take into account the amount of stake of each nodes and even design a vote in Delegated-Proof-of-Stake. However, these frameworks have several drawbacks, such as consuming a lar…

Truxen: A Trusted Computing Enhanced Blockchain

Truxen is a Trusted Computing enhanced blockchain that uses Proof of Integrity protocol as the consensus. Proof of Integrity protocol is derived from Trusted Computing and associated Remote Attestations, that can be used to vouch a node's identity and integrity to all of the other nodes in the blockchain network. In this paper we describe how Trusted Computing and Proof of Integrity can be used to enhance blockchain in the areas of mining block, executing transaction and smart contract, protecting sensitive data. Truxen presents a Single Execution Model, that can verify and execute transaction…

Proof-of-Useful-Work as Dual-Purpose Mechanism for Blockchain and AI: Blockchain Consensus that Enables Privacy Preserving Data Mining

Blockchains rely on a consensus among participants to achieve decentralization and security. However, reaching consensus in an online, digital world where identities are not tied to physical users is a challenging problem. Proof-of-work provides a solution by linking representation to a valuable, physical resource. While this has worked well, it uses a tremendous amount of specialized hardware and energy, with no utility beyond blockchain security. Here, we propose an alternative consensus scheme that directs the computational resources to the optimization of machine learning (ML) models, a ta…

保护权益证明区块链：利用多智能体强化学习检测和缓解恶意节点

Securing Proof of Stake Blockchains: Leveraging Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Detecting and Mitigating Malicious Nodes

本文提出MRL-PoS+共识算法，利用多智能体强化学习检测并消除PoS区块链中的恶意节点，通过惩罚-奖励机制有效抵御六种主要攻击，且不增加计算开销。

Betting on Blockchain Consensus with Fantomette

Blockchain-based consensus protocols present the opportunity to develop new protocols, due to their novel requirements of open participation and explicit incentivization of participants. To address the first requirement, it is necessary to consider the leader election inherent in consensus protocols, which can be difficult to scale to a large and untrusted set of participants. To address the second, it is important to consider ways to provide incentivization without relying on the resource-intensive proofs-of-work used in Bitcoin. In this paper, we propose a secure leader election protocol, Ca…

Superlight -- A Permissionless, Light-client Only Blockchain with Self-Contained Proofs and BLS Signatures

Blockchain protocols are based on a distributed database where stored data is guaranteed to be immutable. The requirement that all nodes have to maintain their own local copy of the database ensures security while consensus mechanisms help deciding which data gets added to the database and keep powerful adversaries from derailing the system. However, since the database that forms the foundation of a blockchain is a continuously growing list of blocks, scalability is an inherent problem of this technology. Some public blockchains need a few 100 GB to Terabytes of storage. In this work, we prese…

Verilay: A Verifiable Proof of Stake Chain Relay

Blockchain relay schemes enable cross-chain state proofs without requiring trusted intermediaries. This is achieved by applying the source blockchain's consensus validation protocol on the target blockchain. Existing chain relays allow for the validation of blocks created using the Proof of Work (PoW) protocol. Since PoW entails high energy consumption, limited throughput, and no guaranteed finality, Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols are increasingly popular for addressing these shortcomings. We propose Verilay, the first chain relay scheme that enables validating PoS protocols that pr…

Proof of User Similarity: the Spatial Measurer of Blockchain

Although proof of work (PoW) consensus dominates the current blockchain-based systems mostly, it has always been criticized for the uneconomic brute-force calculation. As alternatives, energy-conservation and energy-recycling mechanisms heaved in sight. In this paper, we propose proof of user similarity (PoUS), a distinct energy-recycling consensus mechanism, harnessing the valuable computing power to calculate the similarities of users, and enact the calculation results into the packing rule. However, the expensive calculation required in PoUS challenges miners in participating, and may induc…

Proof-of-Useful-Work区块链用于可信生物医学超维计算

Proof-of-Useful-Work Blockchain for Trustworthy Biomedical Hyperdimensional Computing

本文提出HDCoin，首个用于超维计算的有用工作量证明区块链框架，将挖矿转为模型开发竞争，在四个生物医学数据集上探索关键超参数，确保模型可信、可验证。

FedChain：一种面向区块链的基于有用联邦学习证明的高效安全共识协议

FedChain: An Efficient and Secure Consensus Protocol based on Proof of Useful Federated Learning for Blockchain

针对区块链PoW共识能源浪费问题，提出基于有用联邦学习证明的FedChain共识协议，通过池聚合、秘密共享、模型优化及零知识验证实现高效安全的共识，经实验验证了性能。

Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain

Blockchain, the technology behind the popular Bitcoin, is considered a "security by design" system as it is meant to create security among a group of distrustful parties yet without a central trusted authority. The security of blockchain relies on the premise of honest-majority, namely, the blockchain system is assumed to be secure as long as the majority of consensus voting power is honest. And in the case of proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain, adversaries cannot control more than 50% of the network's gross computing power. However, this 50% threshold is based on the analysis of computing power o…

Proof of Learning (PoLe): Empowering Machine Learning with Consensus Building on Blockchains

The progress of deep learning (DL), especially the recent development of automatic design of networks, has brought unprecedented performance gains at heavy computational cost. On the other hand, blockchain systems routinely perform a huge amount of computation that does not achieve practical purposes in order to build Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus from decentralized participants. In this paper, we propose a new consensus mechanism, Proof of Learning (PoLe), which directs the computation spent for consensus toward optimization of neural networks (NN). In our mechanism, the training/testing data…

Advancing Blockchain-based Federated Learning through Verifiable Off-chain Computations

Federated learning may be subject to both global aggregation attacks and distributed poisoning attacks. Blockchain technology along with incentive and penalty mechanisms have been suggested to counter these. In this paper, we explore verifiable off-chain computations using zero-knowledge proofs as an alternative to incentive and penalty mechanisms in blockchain-based federated learning. In our solution, learning nodes, in addition to their computational duties, act as off-chain provers submitting proofs to attest computational correctness of parameters that can be verified on the blockchain. W…

More (or Less) Economic Limits of the Blockchain

This paper extends the blockchain sustainability framework of Budish (2018) to consider proof of stake (in addition to proof of work) consensus mechanisms and permissioned (where the number of nodes are fixed) networks. It is demonstrated that an economically sustainable network will involve the same cost regardless of whether it is proof of work or proof of stake although in the later the cost will take the form of illiquid financial resources. In addition, it is shown that regulating the number of nodes (as in a permissioned network) does not lead to additional cost savings that cannot other…

Que Bian: An Electronic Medical Record Management System on Blockchain

Medical Record Management System is an important information management system in healthcare centers and hospitals. Information kept in such systems need to be clean, correct and tamper-proof. In this paper, we take advantage of blockchains' tamper-proof and decentralization properties to develop a robust and secure electronic medical record management system. In particular we choose HyperLedger Fabric as our underlying technical architecture. HyperLedger Fabric yields higher throughput and lower latency compared with other blockchains, which is a perfect candidate for enterprise software deve…

合并比特币：使用多种哈希类型的权益证明区块链

Merged Bitcoin: Proof of Work Blockchains with Multiple Hash Types

合并比特币是一种使用多种哈希类型的区块链协议，通过难度调整方法优化攻击成本并缓解哈希优势不对称问题。

Incentives Don't Solve Blockchain's Problems

A blockchain faces two fundamental challenges. It must motivate users to maintain the system while preventing a minority of these users from colluding and gaining disproportionate control. Many popular public blockchains use monetary incentives to encourage users to behave appropriately. But these same incentive schemes create more problems than they solve. Mining rewards cause centralization in "proof of work" chains such as Bitcoin. Validator rewards and punishments invite attacks in "proof of stake" chains. This paper argues why these incentive schemes are detrimental to blockchain. It cons…

How Does Blockchain Security Dictate Blockchain Implementation?

Blockchain protocols come with a variety of security guarantees. For example, BFT-inspired protocols such as Algorand tend to be secure in the partially synchronous setting, while longest chain protocols like Bitcoin will normally require stronger synchronicity to be secure. Another fundamental distinction, directly relevant to scalability solutions such as sharding, is whether or not a single untrusted user is able to point to *certificates*, which provide incontrovertible proof of block confirmation. Algorand produces such certificates, while Bitcoin does not. Are these properties accidental…

Pikachu: Securing PoS Blockchains from Long-Range Attacks by Checkpointing into Bitcoin PoW using Taproot

Blockchain systems based on a reusable resource, such as proof-of-stake (PoS), provide weaker security guarantees than those based on proof-of-work. Specifically, they are vulnerable to long-range attacks, where an adversary can corrupt prior participants in order to rewrite the full history of the chain. To prevent this attack on a PoS chain, we propose a protocol that checkpoints the state of the PoS chain to a proof-of-work blockchain such as Bitcoin. Our checkpointing protocol hence does not rely on any central authority. Our work uses Schnorr signatures and leverages Bitcoin recent Taproo…

具有量子工作证明的区块链

Blockchain with proof of quantum work

本研究提出基于量子工作证明的区块链架构，利用量子计算机提高安全性并降低能耗，展示量子计算在区块链中的应用潜力。